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Medical Terminology > Chapter 10 > Flashcards

Chapter 10 Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

Blood-brain barrier

A

Protective separation between the blood and brain cells. This makes it difficult for substances (such as anti cancer drugs) to penetrate capillary walls and enter the brain.

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2
Q

Cerebellum

A

Posterior part of the brain that coordinates muscle movements and maintains balance.

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3
Q

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

A

Circulates throughout the brain and spinal cord.

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4
Q

Cranial nerves

A

Twelve pairs of nerves that carry messages to and from the brain with regard to the head and neck (except the vagus nerve)

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5
Q

Dura mater

A

Thick, outermost layer of the meninges surrounding and protecting the brain and spinal cord.

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6
Q

Ganglion

A

Collection of nerve cell bodies in the peripheral nervous system.

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7
Q

Glial cell

A

Supportive and connective nerve cell that does not carry nervous impulses.

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8
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Portion of the brain beneath the thalamus;controls sleep, appetite,body temperature, and secretions from the pituitary gland.

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9
Q

Meninges

A

Three protective membranes that surround the brain and spinal cord.

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10
Q

Parasympathetic nerves

A

Involuntary, autonomic nerves that regulate normal body functions such as heart rate, breathing, and muscles of the gastrointestinal tract.

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11
Q

Sympathetic nerves

A

Autonomic nerves that influence bodily functions involuntarily in times of stress.

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12
Q

Thalamus

A

Main relay center of the brain. It conducts impulses between the spinal cord and the cerebrum; incoming sensory messages are relayed through the thamalus.

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13
Q

Vargas nerve

A

Tenth cranial nerve (cranial nerve X); its branch reach to the larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs, aorta, esophagus and stomach.

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14
Q

Cerebell/o

A

Cerebellum

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15
Q

Cerebr/o

A

Cerebrum

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16
Q

Dur/o

A

Dura mater

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17
Q

Encephal/o

A

Brain

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18
Q

Gli/o

A

Glial cells

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19
Q

Mening/o

Meningi/o

A

Membranes, meninges

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20
Q

Ganglion/o

A

Ganglion

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21
Q

My/o

A

Muscle

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22
Q

Myel/o

A

Spinal cord, bone marrow

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23
Q

Neur/o

A

Nerve

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24
Q

Pont/o

A

Pons

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25
Q

Radicul/o

A

Nerve root (of spinal nerves)

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26
Q

Thalam/o

A

Thalamus

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27
Q

Thec/o

A

Sheaths (refers to meninges)

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28
Q

Vag/o

A

Vagus nerve (10th cranial nerve)

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29
Q

Alges/o

-algesia

A

Excessive sensitivity to pain

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30
Q

-algia

A

Pain

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31
Q

Caus/o

A

Burning

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32
Q

Comat/o

A

Deep sleep

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33
Q

Esthesi/o

-esthesia

A

Feeling, nervous sensation

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34
Q 
Kines/o
Kinesi/o
-kinesia
-kinesis
-kinetic
A

Movement

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35
Q

-lepsy

A

Seizure

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36
Q

Lex/o

A

Word, phase

37
Q

-paresis

A

Weakness, slight paralysis

38
Q

-phasia

A

Speech

39
Q

-plegia

A

Paralysis (loss or impairment of the ability to move parts of the body)

40
Q

-praxia

A

Action

41
Q

-sthenia

A

Strength

42
Q

Syncop/o

A

To cut off, cut short

43
Q

Tax/o

A

Order, coordination

44
Q

Hydrocephalus

A

Abnormal accumulation of fluid (CSF) in the brain.

45
Q

Spina bifida

A

Congenital defects in the lumbar spinal column caused by imperfect union of vertebral parts (neural tube defect).

46
Q

Spina bifida occulta

A

The vertebral defect is covered over with skin and evident only on x-ay or other imaging examinations.

47
Q

Spina bifida cystica

A

A more serve form, with cyst-like protrusions.

48
Q

Spina bifida cystica with myelomeningocele

A

External sac contains meninges, CSF and the spinal cord.

49
Q

Alzheimer disease (AD)

A

Brain disorder marked by gradual and progressive mental deterioration (dementia), personality changes, and impairment of daily functioning.

50
Q

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

A

Degenerative disorder of motor neurons in the spinal cord and brain stem.

51
Q

Epilepsy

A

Chronic brain disorder characterized by recurrent seizure activity.

52
Q

Seizures

A

Abnormal, sudden discharges by electrical activity within the brain.

53
Q

Multiple sclerosis (MS)

A

Destruction of the myelin sheath on neurons in the CNS and its replacement by plaques of sclerotic (hard) tissue.

54
Q

Palsy

A

Paralysis (partial or complete loss of motor function).

55
Q

Cerebral Palsy

A

Partial paralysis and lack of muscular coordination caused by loss of oxygen (hypoxia) or blood flow to the cerebrum during pregnancy or in the perinatal period.

56
Q

Bell Palsy

A

Paralysis on one side of the face.

57
Q

Parkinson’s disease

A

Degeneration of neurons in the basal ganglia, occurring in later life and leading to tremors, weakness of muscles and slowness of movement.

58
Q

Palliative

A

Relieving symptoms but not curative.

59
Q

Herpes zoster (shingles)

A

Viral infection affecting peripheral nerves.

60
Q

Meningitis

A

Inflammation of the meninges; leptomeningitis

61
Q

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) encephalopathy

A

Brain disease and dementia occurring with AIDS.

62
Q

Brain tumor

A

Abnormal growth of brain tissue and meninges.

63
Q

Cerebral concussion

A

Type of traumatic brain injury caused by a blow to the head. (Usually clears within 24 hours).

64
Q

Cerebral contusion

A

Bruising of brain tissue resulting from direct trauma to the head. (Persists longer than 24 hours)

65
Q

Cerebrovascular accident (CVA)

A

Disruption in the normal blood supply to the brain; stroke.

66
Q

Thrombotic

A

Blood clot in the arteries leading to the brain.

67
Q

Embolic

A

An embolus (a dislodged thrombus) travels to cerebral arteries and occluded a small vessel. This type of stroke occurs very suddenly.

68
Q

Hemorrhagic

A

A small blood vessel, such as the cerebral artery, breaks and bleeding occurs.

69
Q

Migraine

A

Severe, recurring, unilateral, vascular headache.

70
Q

Positron emission tomography (PET) scan

A

Radioactive glucose is injected and then detected in the brain to image the metabolic activity of cells.

71
Q

Electroencephalgram

A

Recording of the electrical activity of the brain.

72
Q

Lumbar puncture (LP)

A

CSF is withdrawn from between two lumbar vertebrae for analysis.

73
Q

Stereotactic radiosurgery

A

Use of a specialized instrument to locate and treat targets in the brain.

74
Q

Gamma knife

A

(High-energy radiation beam) is used to treat deep and often inaccessible intracranial brain tumors and abnormal blood vessel masses without surgical incision.

75
Q

AD

A

Alzheimer disease

76
Q

ALS

A

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

77
Q

CNS

A

Central nervous system

78
Q

CSF

A

Cerebrospinal fluid

79
Q

CT

A

Computed tomography

80
Q

CVA

A

Cerebrovascular accident

81
Q

EEG

A

Electroencephalogram

82
Q

LP

A

Lumbar puncture

83
Q

MRA

A

Magnetic resonance angiography

84
Q

MRI

A

Magnetic resonance imaging

85
Q

MS

A

Multiple sclerosis

86
Q

PET

A

Positron emission tomography

87
Q

TENS

A

Transient ischemic attack

88
Q
  • tPA
A

Tissue plasminogen activator

Medical Terminology (24 decks)

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