Chapter 10 Flashcards
Blood-brain barrier
Protective separation between the blood and brain cells. This makes it difficult for substances (such as anti cancer drugs) to penetrate capillary walls and enter the brain.
Cerebellum
Posterior part of the brain that coordinates muscle movements and maintains balance.
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
Circulates throughout the brain and spinal cord.
Cranial nerves
Twelve pairs of nerves that carry messages to and from the brain with regard to the head and neck (except the vagus nerve)
Dura mater
Thick, outermost layer of the meninges surrounding and protecting the brain and spinal cord.
Ganglion
Collection of nerve cell bodies in the peripheral nervous system.
Glial cell
Supportive and connective nerve cell that does not carry nervous impulses.
Hypothalamus
Portion of the brain beneath the thalamus;controls sleep, appetite,body temperature, and secretions from the pituitary gland.
Meninges
Three protective membranes that surround the brain and spinal cord.
Parasympathetic nerves
Involuntary, autonomic nerves that regulate normal body functions such as heart rate, breathing, and muscles of the gastrointestinal tract.
Sympathetic nerves
Autonomic nerves that influence bodily functions involuntarily in times of stress.
Thalamus
Main relay center of the brain. It conducts impulses between the spinal cord and the cerebrum; incoming sensory messages are relayed through the thamalus.
Vargas nerve
Tenth cranial nerve (cranial nerve X); its branch reach to the larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs, aorta, esophagus and stomach.
Cerebell/o
Cerebellum
Cerebr/o
Cerebrum
Dur/o
Dura mater
Encephal/o
Brain
Gli/o
Glial cells
Mening/o
Meningi/o
Membranes, meninges
Ganglion/o
Ganglion
My/o
Muscle
Myel/o
Spinal cord, bone marrow
Neur/o
Nerve
Pont/o
Pons
Radicul/o
Nerve root (of spinal nerves)
Thalam/o
Thalamus
Thec/o
Sheaths (refers to meninges)
Vag/o
Vagus nerve (10th cranial nerve)
Alges/o
-algesia
Excessive sensitivity to pain
-algia
Pain
Caus/o
Burning
Comat/o
Deep sleep
Esthesi/o
-esthesia
Feeling, nervous sensation
Kines/o Kinesi/o -kinesia -kinesis -kinetic
Movement
-lepsy
Seizure
Lex/o
Word, phase
-paresis
Weakness, slight paralysis
-phasia
Speech
-plegia
Paralysis (loss or impairment of the ability to move parts of the body)
-praxia
Action
-sthenia
Strength
Syncop/o
To cut off, cut short
Tax/o
Order, coordination
Hydrocephalus
Abnormal accumulation of fluid (CSF) in the brain.
Spina bifida
Congenital defects in the lumbar spinal column caused by imperfect union of vertebral parts (neural tube defect).
Spina bifida occulta
The vertebral defect is covered over with skin and evident only on x-ay or other imaging examinations.
Spina bifida cystica
A more serve form, with cyst-like protrusions.
Spina bifida cystica with myelomeningocele
External sac contains meninges, CSF and the spinal cord.
Alzheimer disease (AD)
Brain disorder marked by gradual and progressive mental deterioration (dementia), personality changes, and impairment of daily functioning.
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
Degenerative disorder of motor neurons in the spinal cord and brain stem.
Epilepsy
Chronic brain disorder characterized by recurrent seizure activity.
Seizures
Abnormal, sudden discharges by electrical activity within the brain.
Multiple sclerosis (MS)
Destruction of the myelin sheath on neurons in the CNS and its replacement by plaques of sclerotic (hard) tissue.
Palsy
Paralysis (partial or complete loss of motor function).
Cerebral Palsy
Partial paralysis and lack of muscular coordination caused by loss of oxygen (hypoxia) or blood flow to the cerebrum during pregnancy or in the perinatal period.
Bell Palsy
Paralysis on one side of the face.
Parkinson’s disease
Degeneration of neurons in the basal ganglia, occurring in later life and leading to tremors, weakness of muscles and slowness of movement.
Palliative
Relieving symptoms but not curative.
Herpes zoster (shingles)
Viral infection affecting peripheral nerves.
Meningitis
Inflammation of the meninges; leptomeningitis
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) encephalopathy
Brain disease and dementia occurring with AIDS.
Brain tumor
Abnormal growth of brain tissue and meninges.
Cerebral concussion
Type of traumatic brain injury caused by a blow to the head. (Usually clears within 24 hours).
Cerebral contusion
Bruising of brain tissue resulting from direct trauma to the head. (Persists longer than 24 hours)
Cerebrovascular accident (CVA)
Disruption in the normal blood supply to the brain; stroke.
Thrombotic
Blood clot in the arteries leading to the brain.
Embolic
An embolus (a dislodged thrombus) travels to cerebral arteries and occluded a small vessel. This type of stroke occurs very suddenly.
Hemorrhagic
A small blood vessel, such as the cerebral artery, breaks and bleeding occurs.
Migraine
Severe, recurring, unilateral, vascular headache.
Positron emission tomography (PET) scan
Radioactive glucose is injected and then detected in the brain to image the metabolic activity of cells.
Electroencephalgram
Recording of the electrical activity of the brain.
Lumbar puncture (LP)
CSF is withdrawn from between two lumbar vertebrae for analysis.
Stereotactic radiosurgery
Use of a specialized instrument to locate and treat targets in the brain.
Gamma knife
(High-energy radiation beam) is used to treat deep and often inaccessible intracranial brain tumors and abnormal blood vessel masses without surgical incision.
AD
Alzheimer disease
ALS
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
CNS
Central nervous system
CSF
Cerebrospinal fluid
CT
Computed tomography
CVA
Cerebrovascular accident
EEG
Electroencephalogram
LP
Lumbar puncture
MRA
Magnetic resonance angiography
MRI
Magnetic resonance imaging
MS
Multiple sclerosis
PET
Positron emission tomography
TENS
Transient ischemic attack
- tPA
Tissue plasminogen activator
