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A Level Biology > Chap8 Transport In Animals > Flashcards

Chap8 Transport In Animals Flashcards

1
Q

Vena cava

A

Carries blood into right atrium of heart

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2
Q

Pathway of blood from lungs to the heart

A

Lungs -> pulmonary vein -> left atrium -> left ventricle -> aorta

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3
Q

What controls heartbeat?

A

Pacemaker

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4
Q

Describe open circulation

A

Blood enters and circulates between tissues (interstitial spaces)
Direct material exchange between cells
Few blood vessels

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5
Q

Describe closed circulation

A

Blood remains inside blood vessel, never in direct contact with cells
Material enters/exits blood vessel through walls
Blood flows under high pressure
Blood vessels branched into capillaries

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6
Q

Describe single circulatory system Eg) fish

A

Blood in body brought by veins into heart
Heart pumps deoxygenated blood to gills
Blood becomes oxygenated and CO2 released
Oxygenated blood distributed by arteries around body
Capillaries deliver oxygen to tissues

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7
Q

Describe the two circuits of double circulatory system

A

Pulmonary circulation: deoxygenated blood travels from heart to lungs where it is oxygenated and then teturns to heart

Systematic circulation: oxygenated blood travels from heart to whole body and back to heart

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8
Q

Capillaries

A

Tiny blood vessels linking arterioles to venules

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9
Q

Veins

A

Carry blood back to heart under low pressure

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10
Q

Arteries

A

Carry blood away from heart under high pressure

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11
Q

Arterioles

A

Control blood flow from arteries to capillaries

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12
Q

Feature of arterioles

A

Thin muscle layer less elastic tissue

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13
Q

Venules

A

Capillaries connect to venules

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14
Q

Feature of venules

A

Thin walls

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15
Q

Features of arteries

A

Thick muscular wall for high pressure
Collagen layer for structural support
Elastic tissue provides flexibility
Impermeable

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16
Q

Features of veins

A

Thin muscular wall
Little elastic tissue
Collagen layer does NOT constrict
Impermeable
Valves

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17
Q

Features of capillaries

A

No muscle
No elastic tissue
No collagen
Not capable of constriction
Permeable

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18
Q

Tunica externa

A

Collagen fibres

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19
Q

Tunica media

A

Elastic fibres

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20
Q

Tunica intima (endothelium)

A

Single layer of cells in capillaries

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21
Q

Blood

A

Transport medium
Defends body against disease
Maintain diffusion gradient
Distributes heat around body

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22
Q

Blood plasma

A

Water with dissolved substances like nutrients or waste product
(Glucose and urea)
Plasma proteins

23
Q

Erythrocytes

A

Biconcave shape providing flexibility
Large SA:vol ratio
No nucleus for space for O2
Bone marrow
Transports respiratory gases

24
Q

Leococytes

A

Protects body as part of immune system
Has nucleus
Lymphocytes is the production of antibodies

25
Q

Platelets

A

For clotting
Contains thromboplastin

26
Q

Tissue fluid

A

Immediate environment of each individual body cell
Allows exchange to take place
Homeostasis

27
Q

Lymph

A

Tissue fluid moved by muscle contraction
Filter harmful pathogens

28
Q

Systole

A

Contraction of heart muscle

29
Q

Diastole

A

Relaxation of heart muscle

30
Q

Myogenic

A

Initiated within heart muscles
Prevents body wasting resources

31
Q

Sinotrial node and atrioventricular node

A

Stimulate contraction

32
Q

What is bundle of his made of?

A

Purkyne fibres

33
Q

When is AV valve open?

A

Atrial systole, ventricular diastole

34
Q

When is AV closed and SL open?

A

Ventricular systole, atrial diastole

35
Q

What coverts CO2 into carbonic acid?

A

Carbonic anhydrase

36
Q

What does atrioventricular node do?

A

Spreads impulse

37
Q

What is the Bohr effect?

A

More oxygen dissociation in CO2 rich environment

38
Q

What is the chloride shift?

A

Cl- diffuse into red blood cell to balance charge and make up for hydrogen carbonate ions

39
Q

What does carbonic acid release?

A

H+ protons

40
Q

Where does hydrogen carbonate diffuse out of?

A

Erythrocytes

41
Q

Foetal haemoglobin

A

Needs stronger affinity for O2 because it is saturated at lower pressure

42
Q

What is haemoglobin made of?

A

4 globular proteins and 1 iron ion

43
Q

What is bradycardia?

A

Evenly spaced heart rate

44
Q

What is trachycardia?

A

Fast heart rate but evenly spaced

45
Q

What is Ectopic heart beat?

A

Altered rhythm

46
Q

What is Atrial fibrillation?

A

Abnormal and irregular rhythm

47
Q

What is positive cooperativity?

A

Haemoglobin changing shape for easier binding of oxygen molecules

48
Q

What helps the heart to not over-distend with blood?

A

Inelastic pericardial membrane

49
Q

Hydrostatic pressure

A

High pressure of blood at arterial end of capillary
Forces flood out of blood and into tissue

50
Q

Oncotic pressure

A

Plasma proteins lower water potential of blood plasma
Water can move back into blood by osmosis

51
Q

Relationship between hydrostatic pressure and oncotic pressure at arterial end of capillary

A

Hydrostatic > oncotic

52
Q

Ultrafiltration

A

Tissue fluid forced out of capillary through endothelial cell gaps

53
Q

Relationship between hydrostatic pressure and oncotic pressure at venous end of capillary

A

Hydrostatic < oncotic

A Level Biology (21 decks)

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