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A Level Biology > Chap3 Biological Molecules > Flashcards

Chap3 Biological Molecules Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is a monomer?

A

Small unit from which larger molecules are made

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2
Q

What molecules are made from monomers;

amino acids
nucleotide
glucose

A

proteins

DNA

carbohydrates

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3
Q

Give three examples of monosaccharides

A

glucose

fructose

galactose

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4
Q

What is the name of monosaccharide containing 5 carbon atoms? Give example

A

Pentose monosaccharide

Ribose

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5
Q

Name a property of monosaccharides

Why is this?

A

Soluble in water

Large number of hydroxyl groups form hydrogen bonds.
Hydrophillic molecules.

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6
Q

Give chemical formula of glucose

A

C6 H12 O6

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7
Q

Describe test for sugar

A
  1. Benedicts reagent
  2. Hot water bath
  3. Positive result = brick red colour
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8
Q

Why does benedicts reagent turn brick red?

A

Electrons gained in solution.
Precipitate produced

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9
Q

Sucrose:

Lactose:

Maltose:

A

glucose + fructose

glucose + galactose

glucose + glucose

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10
Q

Name bonds that are present in maltose

A

Glycosidic bonds (1, 4)

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11
Q

What is the reaction for maltose called?

A

Condensation reaction

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12
Q

What is the reverse of condensation reaction?

A

Hydrolysis reaction
(water added back in)

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13
Q

What are all monosaccharides?

A

reducing sugars

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14
Q

What does acid do to disaccharide?

A

Neutralises it

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15
Q

In test for non-reducing sugars, how would we check if not added too much sodium hydrogen carbonate?

A

Litmus paper

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16
Q

Describe test for non-reducing sugars

A
  1. Complete test for reducing sugars
  2. If solution does not change colour dispose of liquid
  3. Add 1cm uknown solution and 1cm HCl into boiling tube
  4. Add sodium hydrogen carbonate
  5. Retest with benedicts solution
  6. If now positive result, this means you started off with non-reducing sugar (orange/brown)
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17
Q

What monomer is starch?

What bonds does it consist of?

A

Alpha glucose

(1, 4) glycosidic bonds for amylose
(1, 6) glycosidic bond for amylopectin due to branching

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18
Q

What monomer is glycogen?

What bonds does it consist of?

A

Alpha glucose

(1, 4) and (1, 6) glycosidic bonds

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19
Q

What monomer is cellulose?

What bonds does it consist of?

A

Beta glucose

Hydrogen bonds

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20
Q

What is the main role of starch in the plant?

A

Energy storage

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21
Q

How is starch suited for its role?

A

(amylose) Insoluble. Does not effect osmotic balance.
Compact molecule due to helical shape

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22
Q

What is the main role of glycogen in animals?

A

Provides quick energy when needed

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23
Q

How is glycogen suited for its role?

A

Many branches allow rapid hydrolysis to provide high glucose level
(meaning more respiration to maintain metabolic needs)

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24
Q

What is the main role of cellulose in the plant cell wall?

A

Structural support

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25
Q

How is cellulose suited for its role?

A

Strong support structure and arranged parallel to each other

26
Q

Why are hydroxyl groups polar?

A

Small negative charge on oxygen atom and small positive charge on hydrogen atom

27
Q

What are the two polymers starch consists of?

A

Amylose and amylopectin

(amylose is a polysaccharide containing hundreds of alpha glucose molecules)

28
Q

What molecule is water?

A

Covalent molecule

29
Q

Surface tension

A

Allowed movement on water surface

30
Q

Strong cohesion

A

Holds water molecules together

31
Q

Adhesion

A

Allows water molecules to stick to Eg) xylem vessel walls

32
Q

What is capillary action?

A

Water moving up the vessel

33
Q

What makes water a good solvent?

A

Polar molecules allow for water molecules to bind to solute molecules

34
Q

Why is high specific heat capacity important?

A

Allows organisms to live in environment with small changes in temperature

35
Q

Why does water have large latent heat of vaporisation?

A

Efficient as coolant

36
Q

How is water a useful metabolite?

A

Hydrolysis and condensation reactions

37
Q

Aquatic habitat

A

Light penetrates through transparency of water

38
Q

Ice habitats

A

Breeding areas for animals because ice floats
Ice insulates water below

39
Q

What does R group do in amino acids?

A

Determines chemical property

40
Q

What joins amino acids together?

A

Peptide bonds

41
Q

What is a chain of amino acids called

A

Polypeptide

42
Q

Primary structure of protein

A

DNA determines sequence
Peptide bonds

Carboxyl and amine amino acids

43
Q

Secondary structure

A

Coils and folds. Alpha helix and beta pleated sheet.
Hydrogen bonds

Carboxyl and amine amino acids

44
Q

Tertiary structure

A

3D shape (further coiling of secondary structure)
R group interactions
Hydrogen bonds
Ionic bonds
Disulphide bonds
Hydrophobic /phillic interactions

45
Q

Quaternary structure

A

Two or more polypeptide chains in protein. Insulin, haemoglobin.

46
Q

Fibrous protein Eg) collagen

A

Staggered cross links between molecules
Form tendons and ligaments

47
Q

Globular protein Eg) Elastin and keratin

A

Insoluble and strong
Chains form H bonds

48
Q

Globular proteins Eg) haemoglobin

A

Cool up due to hydrophobic/phillic groups
Soluble
Specific shape

49
Q

How do you identify amino acids?

A

Chromatography

50
Q

How to test for proteins

A

Equal volume sodium hydroxide to solution

Add few drops of dilute sulphate solution and mix gently

Protein present if purple shows (peptide bonds)

51
Q

Saturated fatty acid

A

One single C-C bond

52
Q

Unsaturated fatty acid

A

At least one double C-C bond

53
Q

Characteristics of lipids

A

Hydrophobic
Non-polar molecules
Fatty acid and glycerol -> triglyceride
Do not form polymers

54
Q

Functions of triglyceride

A

Energy source and Heat insulation

55
Q

What bond is found in triglyceride?

A

Ester bond

56
Q

What is the function of sterol cholesterol

A

Regulates fluidity of membrane

57
Q

Testing for lipids

A

Mix sample with ethanol
Mix with water and shake
White emulsion = lipids present

58
Q

Which biological molecule contain only C H and O?

A

Carbohydrates and lipids

59
Q

What biological molecule contains nitrogen and sulphur?

A

Proteins
Eg) insulin

60
Q

Which processes involve formation of ester bonds?

A

Synthesis of polynucleotides

Synthesis of triglycerides

A Level Biology (15 decks)

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