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A Level Biology > Chap12 Communicable Diseases > Flashcards

Chap12 Communicable Diseases Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is a bacteriophage

A

Virus that attacks bacteria

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2
Q

What pathogen exists in colonies and not only single cellar organisms?

A

Protoctista

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3
Q

What pathogen causes ring rot?

A

Bacteria

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4
Q

What pathogen causes black Sigatoka

What crop does it affect?

A

Virus

Bananas

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5
Q

What pathogen causes tuberculosis?

A

Bacteria

Lungs

Antibiotics

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6
Q

What cells does HIV attack?

A

T helper cells

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7
Q

Clonal selection

A

Binding of antigens to B cells and production of plasma cells

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8
Q

What do B cells contain on cell surface membrane?

A

Antibodies

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9
Q

What do T helper cells activate?

A

B cells
Phagocytes
T cytotoxic cells

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10
Q

Interleukins

A

Type of cytokine released by T helper cells to regulate activity of immune cells

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11
Q

Clonal expansion

A

Rapid production of many immune cells

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12
Q

Plasma cells

A

Identical B cells
Produce monoclonal antibodies bind to antigen of pathogen

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13
Q

Agglutination

A

Clumping of pathogens together and them being destroyed by phagocytosis

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14
Q

What forms when antigen binds to antibody?

A

Antigen-antibody-complex

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15
Q

What enzyme breaks down pathogen in phagocytosis?

A

Proteolytic enzyme

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16
Q

Which structure of antibody binds specifically to antigens?

A

Variable regions

17
Q

What connects variable region to constant region?

A

Hinge proteins

18
Q

What connects heavy chains to light chains in antibody?

A

Disulphide bridges

19
Q

Who discovered penicillin?

A

Alexander Fleming

20
Q

Why do antibiotics NOT affect viruses?

A

Virus are not living cells
Stay inside host cells

21
Q

What is MRSA?

A

Superbug because it is resistant to many antibiotics

22
Q

Plant defences against pathogens

A

Stomata- close to prevent entry of pathogens
Callose- strengthens cell wall
Oxidative burst- strengthens cell wall linkages

23
Q

Apoptosis

A

Cell suicide

24
Q

Lymphocyte

A

Wbc that identifies non self cells

25
Q

What do mast cells release?

A

Histamines and cytokines

26
Q

MHC

A

Major histocompatibility complex
Found in macrophage
Glycoprotein

27
Q

Macrophage

A

Round nuclei phagocyte

28
Q

Neutrophil

A

Lobed nuclei phagocyte

29
Q

Cytokines

A

Cell signalling molecules for other phagocytes

30
Q

Opsonins

A

Phagocyte receptors bind here for pathogen to be easily recognised and then engulfed

A Level Biology (15 decks)

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