Chap7 Exchange Of Surfaces and Breathing Flashcards
Capillary
Blood vessels that transport nutrients and oxygen to cells in body
Countercurrent principle
More gaseous exchange can take place because steeper concentration gradients
Exoskeleton
Little to no gaseous exchange takes place
Covered in wax for protection
Filaments
Increases resistance to flow of water
Lamellae
Membrane of tissue
Binds adjacent cells together
Spiracles
Air enters and leaves and water is lost through them
If low oxygen demands they will close
Tracheae
Largest tubes or respiratory system in insects
Tracheoles
Single Elongated cell with no chitin lining making it permeable to gases
Which cell in trachea produces mucus?
Goblet cell
What is the role of internal intercostal muscles in expiration?
They contract and pull the ribcage downwards and inwards
Which formula calculates tidal volume?
Pulmonary ventilation rate / breathing rate
Why do small unicellular organisms have low metabolic activity?
Need little O2 and produce little CO2
Large SA:vol so faster diffusion
Short distance between O2 intake and usage area
Why do large multicellular organisms have high metabolic activity?
Need more O2 and produce more CO2
Small SA:vol so slower diffusion
Long distance between O2 uptake and usage area
List features of large multicellular organisms needed for surface exchange
Increased surface area
Thin layers
Good blood supply
What happens to atmospheric pressure during inspiration / expiration ?
Insp: increases
Exp: decreases
What happens to volume and pressure of thorax during inspiration / expiration?
Insp: volume increases and pressure decreases
Exp: volume decreases and pressure increases
What happens to diaphragm during inspiration / expiration?
Insp: flattens and contracts
Exp: relaxes returning to dome shape
What is a spirometer?
Measures different aspects of lung volume and investigates breathing pattern
What does soda lime do?
Absorbs CO2 to avoid harmful effects
Total lung capacity
Volume of air in lungs at maximum inflation
Vital capacity
Maximum volume of air a person can exhale after maximum inhalation
Tidal volume
Volume of air moving in and out of lungs when breathing at rest
Maximum inspiration
(Inspiratory capacity)
Tidal volume + inspiratory capacity
Maximum expiration
(Expiratory capacity)
Tidal volume + expiratory capacity
Residual volume
Volume of air left in lungs after maximum exhalation
Expiratory reserve volume
Maximum volume of air that can be exhaled after normal exhalation
Inspiratory reserve volume
Maximum volume of air that can be inhaled after normal inhalation
List adaptations of villi and alveoli
Large SA:vol
Good blood supply to maintain concentration
Microvilli increase surface area
Thin walls for short diffusion pathway
What is the name of mechanism in fish gills?
Counter current mechanism
Why are fish gills pink?
Oxygenated blood flows through
Why do fish gills have feather-like appearance?
Higher surface area
