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A Level Biology > Chap21 Manipulating Genomes > Flashcards

Chap21 Manipulating Genomes Flashcards

1
Q

Introns

A

Non coding regions of DNA

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2
Q

Exons

A

Codes for amino acid sequences

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3
Q

Satellite DNA

A

Short sequences that repeat
Variable number tandem

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4
Q

PCR

A

Polymerase chain reaction

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5
Q

Restriction enzyme in digestion step of DNA profiling

A

Restriction endonuclease

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6
Q

Current passed through in separation step of DNA profiling

A

Gel electrophoresis

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7
Q

Southern blotting

A

Fragments transferred to nylon membrane

Alkaline buffer separates DNA strand into single strands

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8
Q

DNA probes

A

Short sequence like a primer but with molecular beacon

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9
Q

Three steps of PCR

A

Denature DNA- separate strands
Annealing DNA- primers added
Synthesis of DNA - dna polymerase molecules attach to primers to create complementary dna

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10
Q

DNA profiling steps

A

Extraction of DNA
Digestion
Separation
Visualisation

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11
Q

Enzyme that attaches nucleotides

A

DNA polymerase

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12
Q

Enzyme that unzips DNA strands

A

DNA helicase

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13
Q

DNA probe

A

Single stranded section of dna
Fluorescent or radioactive
Complementary bases to dna sequence

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14
Q

Bioinformatics

A

Tools that analyse raw biological data like statistics

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15
Q

Computational biology

A

Uses data to build theoretical models

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16
Q

Protomics

A

Study of amino acid sequences of an organisms entire protein complement

17
Q

Genomics

A

Predict sequence of proteins produced

18
Q

Synthetic biology

A

Redesigned natural biological systems

19
Q

Sanger sequencing steps

A

radioactive primer added to sample of DNA
Special terminator nucleotide added to sample
PCR
Gel electrophoresis to separate DNA

20
Q

Genetic engineering

A

Isolation- remove gene
Insertion- DNA in vector
Transformation- DNA into cell
Identification- Check if it’s in cell

21
Q

Isolation

A

Reverse transcriptase or cutting gene out of genome with RESTRICTION ENDONUCLEASE- sticky ends and PCR

22
Q

Insertion

A

Cut vector with enzyme
Sticky ends are complementary to gene
DNA LIGASE joins this together making recombinant dna

23
Q

Transformation

A

Electroporation or electrofusion

24
Q

Identification

A

Check it is in the cells

25
Q

Growth

A

Allows cell to grow

26
Q

Gene therapy

A

Replacing ‘faulty’ gene with functioning ones

27
Q

Somatic cells

A

Body cells

28
Q

Germ line

A

Zygote is genetically passed on

29
Q

Bacteria that infects plants and causes tumour

A

Agrobacterium tumefaciens

30
Q

What does DNA ligase form?

A

Phosphodiester bonds between two DNA strands

31
Q

Recombinant gene

A

Plasmid combining with host cells dna

A Level Biology (21 decks)

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