chap 5 pt 1 Flashcards
chunking
organizing items into familiar, manageable units; often occurs automatically
encoding
the process of getting information into the memory system
storage
the process of retaining encoded information over time
retrieval
the process of getting information out of memory storage
recall
a measure of memory in which the person must retrieve information learned earlier, as on a fill-in-the-blank
recognition
a measure if memory in which the person identifies items previously learned, as on a multiple-choice test
implicit memory
retention of learned skills or classically conditioned associations independent of conscious recollection
explicit memory
retention of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and “declare.”
working memory
a newer understanding of short-term memory that adds conscious, active processing of incoming auditory and visual information, and of information retrieved from long-term memory
iconic memory
a momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli; a picture-image memory lasting no more than a few tenths of a second
echoic memory
a momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli; if attention is elsewhere, sounds and words can still be recalled within 3 or 4 seconds
mnemonics
memory aids, especially those techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices
semantic memory
explicit memory of facts and general knowledge; one of our two conscious memory systems
episodic memory
explicit memory of personally experienced events; one of our two conscious memory systems
flashbulb memory
a clear, sustained memory of an emotionally significant moment or event
retrograde amnesia
the inability to retrieve information from one’s past
anterograde amnesia
an inability to form new memories
proactive interference
the forward-acting disruptive effect of older learning on the recall of new information
retroactive interference
the backward-acting disruptive effect of newer learning on the recall of old information
repression
in psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechanism that banishes form consciousness anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories
Herman Ebbinghaus
experimental study of memory, and are known for their discovery of the forgetting curve and the spacing effect. they were also the first person to describe the learning curve
Elizabeth Loftus
relation to the misinformation effect, false memory and criticism of recovered memory therapies
George Miller
founders of cognitive psychology, and more broadly, of cognitive science. they also contributed to the birth of psycholinguistics
