ch 5 pt 2 Flashcards
Benjamin Lee Whorf
advocate for the idea that differences between the structures of different languages shape how their speakers perceive and conceptualize the world
Noam Chomsky
Sometimes called “the father of modern linguistics”, Chomsky is also a major figure in analytic philosophy
Robert Sternberg
describes types of love based on three different scales: intimacy, passion, and commitment. It is important to recognize that a relationship based on a single element is less likely to survive than one based on two or more
Howard Gardner
theory of multiple intelligences proposes that people are not born with all of the intelligence they will ever have
Carol Dweck
Dweck is known for her work on motivation and mindset
Mental set
a tendency to approach a problem in one particular way, often a way that has been successful in the past
Heuristic
a simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgments and solve problems efficiently; usually speedier but also more error-prone than an algorithm
prototype
a mental image or best example of a category
confirmation bias
a tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions and to ignore or distort contradictory evidence
Phoneme
in a language, the smallest distinctive sound unit
morpheme
in a language, the smallest unit that carries meaning; may be a word or a part of a word
telegraphic speech
early speech stage in which a child speaks like a telegram using mostly nouns and verbs (go car)
linguistic determinism
the strong form of Whorf’s hypothesis- that language controls the way we think and interpret the world around us
encoding specificity
the idea that cues and contexts specific to a particular memory will be most effective in helping us recall it
general intelligence
according to spearman and others, underlies all mental abilities and is therefore measured by every task no an intelligence test
emotional intelligence
the ability to perceive, understand, manage, and use emotions
Crystallized intelligence
our accumulated knowledge and verbal skills; tends to increase with age
fluid intelligence
our ability to reason speedily and abstractly; tends to decrease with age, especially during late adulthood
Stanford-Binet
the widely used American revisions of Binet’s original intelligence test
normal curve
a symmetrical, bell-shaped curve that describes the distribution of many types of data; most scores fall near the mean and fewer and fewer near the extremes
reliability
the extent to which a test yields consistent results, as assessed by the consistency of scores on two halves of the test, on alternative forms of the test, or on retesting
validity
the extent to which a test or experiment measures or predicts what it is supposed to
intelligence quotient
defined originally as the ratio of mental age to chronological age multiplied by 100.
on contemporary intelligence tests, the average performance for a given age is assigned a score of 100
