ch 4 pt 1

Question 1

classical conditioning

Answer 1

a type of learning in which we link two or more stimuli; as a result to illustrate with Pavlov’s classic experiment, the first stimulus (a tone) comes to elicit behavior (drooling) in anticipation of the second stimulus (food)

Question 2

cognitive learning

Answer 2

the acquisition of mental information, whether by observing events, by watching others, or through language

Question 3

observational learning

Answer 3

learning by observing others (also called social learning)

Question 4

operant conditioning

Answer 4

a type of learning in which a behavior becomes more likely to recur if followed by a reinforcer or less likely to recur if followed by a punisher

Question 5

latent learning

Answer 5

learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it

Question 6

fixed-interval schedule

Answer 6

in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed

Question 7

fixed-ratio schedule

Answer 7

in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses

Question 8

variable interval schedule

Answer 8

in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals

Question 9

variable-ratio schedule

Answer 9

in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses

Question 10

generalization

Answer 10

the tendency, once a response has been conditioned, for stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit similar responses

Question 11

discrimination

Answer 11

in classical conditioning, the learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and similar stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus

Question 12

punishment

Answer 12

an event that tends to decrease the behavior that it follows

Question 13

positive reinforcement

Answer 13

the scientific study of human flourishing, with the goals fo discovering and promoting strengths and virtues that help individuals and communities to thrive

Question 14

negative reinforcement

Answer 14

increasing behaviors by stopping or reducing aversive stimuli. this is any stimulus that, when removed after a response, strengthens the response

Question 15

neutral stimulus

Answer 15

in classical conditioning, a stimulus that elicits no response before conditioning

Question 16

extinction

Answer 16

the diminishing of a conditioned response; occurs in classical conditioning when an unconditioned stimulus (US) does not follow a conditioned stimulus (CS); occurs in operant conditioning when a response is no longer reinforced

Question 17

Albert Bandura

Answer 17

pioneering researcher of observational learning. preschool children with art or toys

Question 18

Ivan Pavlov

Answer 18

classical conditioning with dogs

Question 19

BF Skinner

Answer 19

behaviorist that somewhat dehumanized people

Question 20

John Garcia

Answer 20

tested radiation on animals. taste aversion

Question 21

Edward Thorndike

Answer 21

Comparative psychology and learning process. theory of connectionism and foundation for educational psychology

Question 22

Edward Tolman

Answer 22

Branch of psychology known as purposive behaviorism