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CMS - MS Theory > Champagne > Flashcards

Champagne Flashcards

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Introductory Sommelier Exam (CMS) flashcards
1
Q

What is the date of the royal decree allowing Champagne to be transported in bottle as opposed to barrel?

A

May 25, 1728

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2
Q

What are the 9 Grand Cru Villages of Montagne de Reims?

A
  • Sillery
  • Puisieulx
  • Beaumont sur Vesle
  • Verzenay
  • Mailly Champagne
  • Verzy
  • Louvois
  • Bouzy
  • Ambonnay
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3
Q

When did INAO recently broaden the appellation area?

A

2009
- 319 villages to 357

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4
Q

In what year were the terms grand cru and premier cru legally allowed in Champagne?

A

1952

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5
Q

How many premier cru villages are in Vallee de la Marne?

A

8

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6
Q

How much does a standard champagne press hold?

A

4000 kilos

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7
Q

How many hectares is Clos d’Ambonnay?

A

.7 ha (1.69 acres)

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8
Q

What famous lieu dit straddles the towns of Ay and Dizy?

A

Le Leon

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9
Q

In what village is Cattier’s ‘Clos de Moulin’ parcel located?

A

Ludes

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10
Q

How many premier cru villages are in Montagne de Reims?

A

25

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11
Q

What is the aspect of Verzy and Verzenay vineyards?

A

north facing

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12
Q

When was Dom Pierre Perignon cellar master at the Abbey of Hautvillers?

A

1668-1715

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13
Q

Who is the most prominent grower on the Hill of Montgeux?

A

Emmanuel Lassaigne

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14
Q

What well known producer is located in Val du Petit Morin?

A

Ulysse Colin

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15
Q

What was the first prestige cuvee and when was the first vintage?

A

Roederer Cristal (made for Czar Alexander II of Russia)
1876

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16
Q

Where is Paul Bara located?

A

Bouzy, Montagne de Reims

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17
Q

What is the term for the release of older vintages of base wine for use in the assemblage of champagne?

A

deblocage

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18
Q

The single varietal bottlings of La Boloree (Cedric Bouchard), L’Original (Aurelien Gerbais), and Textures (Vouette et Sorbee) are all made from what grape?

A

pinot blanc

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19
Q

What are the 6 Grand Cru villages of Cote des Blancs?

A
  • Chouilly
  • Oiry
  • Cramant
  • Avize
  • Oger
  • Le Mesnil sur Oger
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20
Q

What was the inaugural vintage of Les Crayeres and what grape is used?

A

1989
100% pinot noir

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21
Q

What are the 4 heirloom varietals permitted in champagne?

A
  • arbanne
  • pinot gris
  • pinot blanc
  • petit meslier
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22
Q

Which two villages are known for having the sunniest exposure in Champagne?

A
  • Bouzy
  • Ambonnay
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23
Q

List 3 non-dosage champagnes

A
  • Agrapart ‘Venus’
  • Larmandier Bernier ‘Terre de Vertus’
  • Georges Laval ‘Les Chenes’
  • Roederer ‘Brut Nature’
  • Roses de Jeanne ‘Les Ursules’
    Vouette et Sorbee ‘Blanc d’Argile’
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24
Q

What was the inaugural vintage of Cuvee Sir Winston Churchill?

A

1975

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25
Q

In what village is Bollinger located?

A

Ay

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26
Q

In what village is Delamotte located?

A

Le Mesnil sur Oger

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27
Q

Define SR in terms of champagne

A

Societe des Recoltants
- a firm of growers who share resources and make several brands

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28
Q

In what village is the lieu-dit ‘Les Chetillons’ located?

A

Le Mesnil sur Oger

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29
Q

What is the exposure of the vineyards in Bouzy?

A

south facing

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30
Q

How long after the date of tirage can champagne be disgorged?

A

min 12 months

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31
Q

Which two villages in the Grand Montagne are known for chardonnay?

A
  • Trepail
  • Villers Marmery
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32
Q

The lieux dits of ‘Les Maladries’, ‘Le Clos Jacquin’, and ‘Les Barmonts’ are all located in what village?

A

Avize

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33
Q

What are the legal age minimums for NV and vintage champagnes?

A

NV - 15 months in bottle
Vintage - min 3 years in bottle

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34
Q

Define CM in relation to champagne

A

Cooperative Manipulant
- co op of growers producing under a single brand

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35
Q

In what region are the premier cru villages of Bisseuil, Cumieres, Dizy, Hautvillers, and Mareuil sur Ay found?

A

Vallee de la Marne

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36
Q

What villages are considered northern Cote des Blancs?

A
  • Chouilly
  • Oiry
  • Cuis
  • Cramant
  • Avize
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37
Q

What was the first brut champagne on the market?

A

Pommery ‘Nature’ (1874)

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38
Q

In what village is Egly-Ouriet located?

A

Ambonnay

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39
Q

List 2 producers who make a saignee rose

A
  • Geoffroy
  • Christophe Mignon (Pur Meunier)
  • Mouzon Leroux (L’Incadescent)
  • Georges Laval
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40
Q

In what town is the parcel Clos des Goisses located? What is the soil type found in that lieu-dit?

A

Mareuil-sur-Ay, pure chalk soil

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41
Q

Define RC in terms of champagne

A

Recoltant Cooperateur
- growers who vinify at a co-op but sell under their own label

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42
Q

What two ungrafted pinot plots belonging to Bollinger have escaped phylloxera? In which wine are they used?

A
  • Chaudes Terres
  • Clos Saint Jacques
    used in Vieille Vignes Francaise
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43
Q

What are the three serres/pressings in the production of champagne?

A

Cuvee - 1st 2050 liters
Taille - next 500 liters
Rebeche - all further pressings, used in distillation

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44
Q

In what region is Chigny les Roses found?

A

Montagne de Reims

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45
Q

What are the two Grand Cru villages of Vallee de la Marne?

A
  • Ay
  • Tours sur Marne (red only)
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46
Q

What is the minimum potential alcohol in the base wine of Champagne AOP?

A

9%

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47
Q

What is the local name for pinot gris in champagne?

A

fromonteu

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48
Q

What is debourbage?

A

The overnight settling of fresh grape juice to allow any large solids or foreign matter to settle

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49
Q

What is the max RS in the base wine of Champagne AOP?

A

10 g/L

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50
Q

What is officially regarded as the 1st vintage of Salon?

A

1905

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51
Q

How many premier cru villages are in Cote des Blancs?

A

9

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52
Q

The pinot noir used in Dom Perignon comes from which 5 villages?

A
  • Ay
  • Bouzy
  • Mailly Champagne
  • Verzenay
  • Hautvillers
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53
Q

In what year was Champagne delimited?

A

1908

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54
Q

What grape accounts for the largest acreage in Champagne?

A

pinot noir

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55
Q

What is the soil type of the Cote des Bar?

A

dense clay limestone

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56
Q

In what year was ‘Les Chetillons’ added to the name of Cuvee Speciale, the monoparcel of Pierre Peters?

A

2000

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57
Q

How many hectares is Clos de Mesnil?

A

1.8 ha (4.5 acres)

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58
Q

What 4 villages are considered southern Cote des Blancs?

A
  • Oger
  • Le Mesnil sur Oger
  • Vertus
  • Bergeres les Vertus
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59
Q

What is the well known hill of chardonnay in the Aube?

A

Montgeux

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60
Q

What Montagne de Reims subdistrict is known for producing the best pinot noir?

A

Grande Montagne

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61
Q

How many Grand Cru villages are in Champagne?

A

17

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62
Q

What 2 villages in the Cote des Blancs are known for producing both chardonnay and pinoy noir?

A
  • Chouilly
  • Vertus
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63
Q

In what year did un update to the delimitation of Champagne re-instate the Aube?

A

1927

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64
Q

What are the only 2 vine training methods allowed in GC and PC champagne?

A
  • Cordon du Royat (most common for pn)
  • Chablis (most common for chard)
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65
Q

How many premier cur villages are in Champagne?

A

42

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66
Q

How many villages are in the Cote des Blancs?

A

11

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67
Q

What were the inaugural vintages of Dom Ruinart and Dom Ruinart rose?

A

BdB - 1959
Rose - 1966

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68
Q

Mouzon Leroux’s ‘L’Ineffable’ is made with fruit from what village?

A

Verzy

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69
Q

What was the first vintage of Clos du Mesnil?

A

1979

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70
Q

What was the first vintage of Clos des Goisses?

A

1935

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71
Q

What is the min must weight in Champagne?

A

143 g/L

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72
Q

Charles de Galle is the prestige cuvee of what Champagne house?

A

Drappier

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73
Q

What are considered the poorest vintages in Champagne in the past decade?

A
  • 2011
  • 2016
  • 2017
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74
Q

What is the primary soil type in the Cote des Bars?

A

Kimmeridgian marl

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75
Q

who discovered the exact amount of sugar required to induce secondary fermentation without breaking a glass bottle?

A

Andre Francois

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76
Q

What are the characteristics of Oger fruit?

A
  • weighty, intense, and ripe
  • often blended due to a lack of finesse alone
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77
Q

The chardonnay used in Dom Perignon comes from which 4 villages?

A
  • Chouilly
  • Cramant
  • Avize
  • Le Mesnil sur Oger
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78
Q

What is the primary grape grown in the Vallee de la Marne?

A

meunier

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79
Q

What is the prestige cuvee of Laurent Perrier?

A

Grand Siecle

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80
Q

What is the purpose of winter pruning in champagne?

A
  • controls future production of grapes
  • directs vine growth
  • guides sap top fruit producing buds
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81
Q

What is the term for the action of a press going down?

A

serre

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82
Q

What is the grape used in Billecart’s ‘Clos St Hilaire?’

A

pinot noir

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83
Q

What are the 3 prestige cuvees of Bollinger?

A
  • La Grande Annee
  • RD
  • Vieilles Vignes Francaise
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84
Q

What style of wine is allowed under the Rose des Riceys AOP?

A

still rose of 100% pinot noir

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85
Q

What is unique about the aging of Selosse’s ‘Substance’ bottling?

A
  • made via perpetual cuvee/ solera started in 1986
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86
Q

How many grams of sugar are in extra brut champagne?

A

0-6 g/L

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87
Q

What is the grape of Clos du Mesnil?

A

Chardonnay

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88
Q

What is the grape of Clos d’Ambonnay?

A

pinot noir

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89
Q

What is the max. percentage of a total year’s harvest that can be sold as vintage champagne?

A

80%

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90
Q

What was the inaugural vintage of Dom Perignon?

A

1921

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91
Q

Grande Vallee de la Marne is dominated by which grape?

A

pinot noir

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92
Q

What is the prestige cuvee of Gosset?

A

Celebris

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93
Q

What is the max. amount of grapes an RM can purchase?

A

5%

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94
Q

How many grams of sugar are in brut nature champagne?

A

< 3 g/L

95
Q

Who is the chief manufacturer of the traditional basket press in Champagne?

A

Coquard

96
Q

’ Substance’ is the prestige cuvee of what Champagne house?

A

Jacques Selosse

97
Q

What is the prestige cuvee of Pommery?

A

Cuvee Louise

98
Q

What are the 5 districts of Champagne?

A
  • Montagne de Reims
  • Cote des Blancs
  • Vallee de la Marne
  • Cotes de Sezanne
  • Aube
99
Q

Until 1990, what organization tied prices to rankings in champagne?

A

Echelle de Crus

100
Q

What are the two still wine AOPs in Champagne?

A
  • Coteaux Champenois
  • Rose des Riceys
101
Q

What is the primary grape grown in the Montagne de Reims and Aube?

A

pinot noir

102
Q

What 2 champagne vintages are considered the best of the 21st century?

A
  • 2008
  • 2012
103
Q

In what vintages did Charles Heidseick have 2 prestige cuvees and what were they?

A

1983 - 1985
- Champagne Charlie (discontinued after ‘85)
- Blanc des Millenaires (1st vintage ‘83)

104
Q

What is the prestige cuvee of Piper Heidseick?

A

Rare

105
Q

What styles of wine are allowed under Coteaux Champenois AOP?

A

dry, still red, white and rose

106
Q

What is the difference in soil type between Le Mesnil sur Oger and Avize?

A

MsO - all chalk
Avize - chalk with young, clay rich soils on upper slopes

107
Q

During secondary fermentation, how many grams of sugar will result in one atmosphere of pressure?

A

4 grams = 1 atmosphere

108
Q

Les Barres, Les Orizeaux, and Les Alliees are all monoparcels of what champagne house?

A

Chartogne Taillet

109
Q

Clos du Moulin is a monoparcel of what champagne house?

A

Cattier

110
Q

How many grams of sugar are in brut champagne?

A

< 12 g

111
Q

What two famous ‘rebel’ producers are located in Avize

A
  • Selosse
  • Pascal Agrapart
112
Q

What is the flavor profile of Chouilly fruit vs Cuis fruit?

A

Chouilly - sunny, floral, subtle
Cuis - mineral, austere

113
Q

What river flows north of Cote des Blancs?

A

Marne

114
Q

Venus is an all chardonnay monoparcel of what champagne house?

A

Agrapart

115
Q

No champagne can be bottled before what date following harvest?

A

Jan 1

116
Q

What is the oldest Champagne house still in operation?

A

Gosset (est 1584)

117
Q

What percentage of plantings in Chouilly are chardonnay?

A

99%

118
Q

Christophe Mignon is a biodynamic producer specializing in which grape?

A

meunier

119
Q

What soil types are found in Vallee de la Marne?

A

sand, clay, limestone

120
Q

What is the oldest sparkling Champagne house?

A

Ruinart (est 1729)

121
Q

When was the official appellation of Champagne created?

A

July 1936

122
Q

Who produces Clos St Hilaire?

A

Billecart-Salmon

123
Q

What is the common maceration time for Rose des Riceys?

A

1 week

124
Q

What are the 4 vine training methods allowed in Champagne?

A
  • Cordeon du Royat
  • Chablis
  • Guyot
  • Vallee de la Marne
125
Q

How many grams of sugar are in sec and demi-sec champagne?

A

sec 17-32 g/L
demi sec 32-50 g/L

126
Q

What percentage of Charles Heidseick ‘Brut Reserve’ comes from reserve wines over 10 years old?

A

approx 40%

127
Q

The slopes of Ay face what direction?

A

south

128
Q

Cetherine de Medicis is the prestige cuvee of whar champagne house?

A

De Meric

129
Q

What is the French term for disgorgement by hand?

A

degorgement a la volee

130
Q

What are the characteristics of Cramant fruit?

A

-luxe, dense, pulpy

131
Q

What is the champenois term for a second crop?

A

bouvreu

132
Q

What percentage of plantings in the Cote des Blancs is chardonnay?

A

98%

133
Q

How many bottles does a standard gyropallette hold?

A

504

134
Q

What is the planting density in Champagne?

A

max. 2.5 sq meters per vine

135
Q

How many hectares are under vine in the Marne Valley?

A

approx 9000

136
Q

What is the soil type in the Grande Vallee de la Marne?

A

heavy clay and belemnite chalk

137
Q

How many bottles in a methuselah?

A

8

138
Q

What local cooper makes barrels only for champagne?

A

Jerome Viard

139
Q

The Grand Cru villages of Cote des Blancs have vineyards facing in what direction?

A

East (gentle morning sun and protection from western storms)

140
Q

What temperature is the brine used in champagne disgorgement?

A

-16.6 degrees F

141
Q

In what year did Jean Antoine Chaptal identify the connection between sugar and fermentation?

A

1801

142
Q

In what year was bous de ville (urban compost) outlawed in champagne vineyards?

A

1999

143
Q

What percentage if Montagne de Reims plantings is pinot noir?

A

41%

144
Q

Where is the village of Ambonnay?

A

Montagne de Reims

145
Q

What grapes are permitted in Coteaux Champenois AOP?

A
  • chardonnay
  • meunier
  • pinot noir
  • pinot gris
  • arbanne
  • petit meslier
146
Q

What is the soil type of Vertus and Bergeres les Vertus?

A

clay, flint, sand

147
Q

How many bottles in a salamanzar?

A

12

148
Q

How many standard bottles in a Jeroboam? How many 5 oz glasses would that provide?

A

4 standard bottles
20 glasses

149
Q

What is the primary grape of the Petit Montagne?

A

meunier

150
Q

How many bottles in a Balthazar?

A

16

151
Q

How many grams of sugar are in extra dry champagne?

A

12 -17 g/L

152
Q

What is the prestige cuvee of Chartogne Taillet?

A

Fiacre

153
Q

How many producers are part of the Special Club?

A

29

154
Q

What is the prestige cuvee of Ayala and what is the dominant grape?

A

Perle d’Ayala
chardonnay dominant (80%)

155
Q

Fleur de Champagne was the US label for what prestige cuvee and in what year was this label discontinued?

A

Perrier Jouet ‘Belle Epoque’
2002

156
Q

How is Rose des Riceys vinified?

A

semi-carbonic maceration

157
Q

What are the two main types of chalk in champagne?

A
  • belemnite
  • micraster
158
Q

What is the name for the crown cap used in secondary fermentation?

A

bidule

159
Q

Where is the Stockinger cooperage located?

A

Austria

160
Q

Why was meunier the choice for high production champagne houses?

A
  • late budding (avoid frost damage)
  • early ripening
  • fruity profile
161
Q

What vine training method in champagne is used for meunier only?

A

Vallee de la Marne (double guyot) - adapts well to below zero temps

162
Q

List 3 biodynamic champagne producers

A
  • Roederer
  • Fleury
  • Francois Bedel
  • Larmandier Bernier
  • Leclapart
  • Vouette & Sorbee
163
Q

Since 1931, Forest-Forneaux (est 1734) has been known by what name?

A

Taittinger

164
Q

Champagne lies at what latitude?

A

48th/49th parallel

165
Q

Describe jetting

A

before corking, a small amount of wine/water and SO2 is added to champagne which causes foaming and expels oxygen

166
Q

What is the prestige cuvee of Pol Roger?

A

Cuvee Sir Winston Churchill

167
Q

What is the name of the wire cage on a champagne bottle?

A

muselet

168
Q

What AOP represents the only vin di liqueur in champagne?

A

Ratafia AOP

169
Q

In what village is Drappier located?

A

Urville, Cote des Bar

170
Q

What grape is used in Egly Ouriet’s Les Crayeres?

A

pinot noir

171
Q

What is considered the benchmark of single vineyard champagne?

A

Philipponat ‘Clos de Goisses’
(1st vintage 1935)

172
Q

What is the primary grape grown in the Cote de Sezanne?

A

chardonnay

173
Q

What is the purpose of spring plowing in champagne?

A
  • encourages roots to dig deeper
  • incorporates cover crops into soil, adding nutrients
174
Q

Taittinger’s Les Folies de la Marquettrie comes from a single vineyard in which village?

A

Pierry, Coteaux Sud d’Epernay

175
Q

What is the famous forest in Champagne?

A

Ardenne

176
Q

Why is Pinot Meunier considered the preferential grape to plant in the Vallée de la Marne?

A

The Vallee has a compressed growing season with a shorter summer. Pinot Meunier buds later
making it less susceptible to frost, and ripens better on the clay dominant soils.

177
Q

Name three requirements to produce a champagne under the Club Tresors label

A
  • must be an RM
  • all estate bottling
  • wines are subject to a tasting both as vin clair and after 3 years in the bottle
  • single vintage, outstanding years only
  • wines must be bottled in the approved special club bottle emblazoned with the special
    club logo
  • must be the producer’s tete de cuvee
178
Q

Who pioneered the process of remuage (riddling)?

A

Madame Barbe-Nicole Ponsardin

179
Q

What is the newly permitted 8th grape of champagne?

A

voltis (mildew resistent)

180
Q

Pinot noir makes up what percentage of total grapes grown in champagne?

A

38%

181
Q

What limit did the CIVIC set for juice extraction in champagne in 1992

A

102 liters of must for every 160 kg of grapes or 2550 litres from 4000kg

182
Q

When was the Echelle de Cru abolished entirely?

A

2010

183
Q

What are the lees ageing requirements for non vintage champagne?

A

must be aged for at least 15 months with a minimum 12 months on lees

184
Q

Name 2 Premier Cru Villages of the Cotes de blancs

A
  • Bergères-lès-Vertus
  • Cuis
  • Étréchy
  • Grauves
  • Pierry
  • Val-des-Marais (Coligny)
  • Vertus
  • Villeneuve-Renneville-Chevigny
  • Voipreux
185
Q

Rose de Riceys is produced in which region of Champagne?

A

Cotes des Bars

186
Q

In what recent vintages was Clos d’Ambonnay not produces?

A

1997
1999
2001
2003
2004
2005

187
Q

In what recent vintages was Clos de Mesnil not produced?

A

1999
2001
2005

188
Q

What is the only Grand Cru in Cote des Blancs with pinot noir planted?

A

Chouilly

189
Q

Who was the first to document / discover what is now referred to as ‘the champagne method?’

A

Christopher Merret 1662

190
Q

What crucial innovation allowed for the regular production of ‘method champenoise’ wine?

A

Coal fired glass from England, much stronger than wood fired glass

191
Q

Who owns Domaine Évremond and where is it?

A

Taittinger - Kent England

192
Q

What are the three limestones of Champagne

A
  • Kimmiredigan
  • Oxfordian,
  • Portlandian
193
Q

Massif de Saint-Thierry, Monts de Berru, Ardre Valley, and Vesle Valley are what and where?

A

sub-districts of the Montagne de Reims, along with the Grande Montagne and City of Reims

194
Q

What most planted grape of the Grande Vallee de la Marne? Why?

A

Pinot Noir - because the soils are an extension of the chalk of the southern montagne while also being sunny and south facing

195
Q

Mailly Champagne and Verzenay face which direction?

A

north

196
Q

What part of the blend of a bottle of vintage champagne does not have to be from the declared vintage?

A

liqueur d’expédition

197
Q

What is the parentage of chardonnay?

A

gouais blanc X pinot noir

198
Q

What is the parentage of petit meslier?

A

gouais blanc X sauv blanc

199
Q

What are the synonyms for pinot noir in champagne?

A
  • plant dore
  • morillon
  • noiren
  • auvernat
200
Q

What two clos are in the city of Reims?

A
  • Clos Pompadour (pommery)
  • Clos Lanson
201
Q

What is the Surmelin?

A

tributary of the Marne River

202
Q

What was ‘Clos du Mesnil’ called before Krug owned it?

A

Clos de la Chapitre

203
Q

What was the first labeled ‘blanc de noirs’ in champagne?

A

Bollinger VVF

204
Q

What are the three method’s in which rose champagne is made?

A
  • saignee
  • maceration
  • blending of red and white wine
205
Q

What producer made the first rose champagne?

A

Ruinhart oeil de perdrix (1764)

206
Q

Roedered ‘Carte Blanche,’ Selosse ‘Equise,’ and Pol Roger ‘Riche’ are all what style of Champagne?

A

demi sec

207
Q

What three sweeteners may be used in champagne?

A
  • RCGM
  • Beet sugar
  • grape juice
208
Q

When does the CIVC set harvest yields?

A

July

209
Q

What two rivers influence the Vallee de la Marne?

A
  • Surmelin
  • Marne
210
Q

What is the ouverture de la vendange?

A

Decree dictating when the harvest is allowed to begin on a village-by-village, variety-by-variety basis

211
Q

What is the average alcohol range for vin clair designated for NV wines?

A

9.5% - 10%

212
Q

How does not de-stemming black grapes in Champagne affect the final must?

A

the fibrous material of the stems and stalks creates a network of canals through which the juice rapidly drains. This is particularly advantageous for black grape varieties, as it helps avoid coloration.

213
Q

Why would a champagne maker runoff the first 50-65 liters of cuvee and declassify it a taille?

A
  • if grapes were wet with rain
  • if grapes had some rot
  • if it hadn’t rained since last spraying
214
Q

What is the term for the solids that settle to the bottom of a vat during debourbage?

A

Bourbes (particles of skin, stalk, pips, and more)

215
Q

Why would a champagne maker employ a double debourbage?

A

To use less Sulphur on the final wine

216
Q

What is the size of a champagne Pieces?

A

205L

217
Q

What innovation in winemaking technique became available when non-oak vessels became the norm?

A

Temperature control, and thus, control of malolactic conversion became available

218
Q

Why are more Champagnes made with lower malolactic conversion percentages in the modern era (post 2015)?

A

warmer temperatures combined with early ripening clones is making the textural effect of malo not needed to the same extent.

219
Q

Why must Champagne be tartrate stable at the time of bottling?

A

the crystals serve as nucleation points for CO2, which causes gushing on opening

220
Q

What house stores their reserve wines in Magnums?

A

Bollinger

221
Q

In what scenarios would producers in champagne use high stocks of reserve wines when they normally would not?

A
  • to bolster weak wine in a poor vintage
  • to temper hot, early harvest years with wine from a lighter, fresher vintage
  • in excellent years when wines are so distinct that lesser amounts of reserve wine wouldn’t make a difference
222
Q

What is remise en cercles?

A

In the rare cases when the secondary fermentation is ineffective, or when a batch of wine is technically correct but a decision has been made not to commercialize, the wine must be returned to the vat and reblended. French winemakers call this procedure remise en cercles (return to hoops), a reference to the hoops around a wooden barrel.

223
Q

Why is a strong source of YAN required in the second champagne fermentation?

A

The second fermentation is conducted in a hostile, reductive environment. Some stress factors are similar to those found in the first fermentation, such as low pH and high acid content, but others are unique to bottle fermentations, such as very little oxygen availability, low nitrogen content, high CO2 pressure, and high alcohol. Under such stressful conditions, yeast cells require a guaranteed supply of nutrients to work well, yet the yeast assimilable nitrogen (YAN) and other yeast nutrients will be at an all-time low, having already been depleted by the first fermentation. It is therefore important to check whether yeast nutrients will be required when rehydrating yeast for assimilation and combining it with the liqueur de tirage.

224
Q

How much abv does the second fermentation make?

A

1.5%

225
Q

What is the term for the staple that hold a cork if a cage is not used?

A

agrafe

226
Q

What is bouchon de tirage?

A

allowing second ferment and subsequent aging to happen under cork

227
Q

What is the first optimum time to disgorge for mousse retention?

A

18 months

228
Q

What is a plaque?

A

a plaque is pushed onto the top of the protruding portion of the cork and molds it into its iconic mushroom shape, protecting it from the cage

229
Q

What is the most recent vintage of Salon?

A

2013

230
Q

Who is the Head winemaker of Moet et Chandon?

A

Benoit Gouez

231
Q

Name the head winemaker of Dom Perignon

A

Since 1990: Richard Geoffroy

Since 2019: Vincent Chaperon

232
Q

Who produces Armand de Brignac?

A

Cattier

233
Q

What is the vintage when Dom Perignon produced only Rosé vintage?

A

1986

234
Q

Who’s the head winemaker of Charles Heidsieck?

A

Stephen Leroux

CMS - MS Theory (70 decks)

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