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Physiological Psychology Psy 315 > Ch9-Wakefulness & Sleep > Flashcards

Ch9-Wakefulness & Sleep Flashcards

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1
Q

endogenous rhythm

A

self-generated

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2
Q

rhythm that prepares animal for season changes [ex)birds migrating]

A

endogenous circannual rhythm

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3
Q

rhythms that last about a day [24hr cycle]

A

endogenous circadian rhythms

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4
Q

circadian rhythms change as a function of ____

A

age

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5
Q

____ is critical for resetting rhythms

A

light

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6
Q

rhythm that occurs when no stimuli reset or alter it

A

free-running rhythm

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7
Q

stimulus that resets the circadian rhythm [ex) light]

A

zeitgeber [time-giver]

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8
Q

a disruption of circadian rhythms due to crossing time zones

A

jet lag

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9
Q

going east to west, we ________ our circadian rhythm [gain time]

A

phase-delay

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10
Q

going west to east, we _______ our circadian rhythm [lose time]

A

phase-advance

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11
Q

jet lag causes stress which causes cortisol levels to rise, this causes _______

A

destruction of neurons in hippocampus, damaging memory

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12
Q

who stated the brain generates its own rhythms [biological clock]

A

richter

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13
Q

part of the hypothalamus; provides the main control of the circadian rhythms for sleep & body temp [if damaged: body produces inconsistent rhythms that are no longer synchronized to light & darkness]

A

suprachiasmatic nucleus [SCN]

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14
Q

What happens if a neuron is removed from the suprachiasmatic nucleus [SCN]?

A

the neuron continues to produce action potentials in rhythmic patterns

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15
Q

mutation in genes can affect the _____ rhythm production

A

SCN

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16
Q

small branch of optic nerve extends directly from the retina to the ____; light resets this through the retinohypothalamic path

A

SCN

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17
Q

retinohypothalamic path to SCN comes from special population of ______ cells

A

retinal ganglion

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18
Q

the retinal ganglion cells respond directly to light due to having their own photopigment called ______ [located near nose; responds slowly]

A

melanopsin

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19
Q

what two genes were discovered that generate circadian rhythms?

A

period [per] & timeless [tim]

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20
Q

The proteins per & tim start in ____ amounts early in the morning and _____ during the day; during the night these proteins begin to _____ until morning

A

small; increase; decrease

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21
Q

Per & Tim interact with a protein called Clock to _____ sleepiness

A

cause

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22
Q

SCN regulates waking & sleeping by controlling activity in other brain areas, including ______

A

pineal gland

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23
Q

the pineal gland releases hormone ______ which influences both circadian & circannual rhythms

A

melatonin

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24
Q

secretion of melatonin beings __ to __ hours before bedtime

A

2-3

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25
Q

brain state characterized by moderate decrease in brain activity & decreased response to stimuli

A

sleep

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26
Q

extended period of unconsciousness characterized by low brain activity; fairly steady, little response to stimuli

A

coma

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27
Q

alternate between sleepy & moderate arousal, no awareness of surroundings; no purposeful activity, some autonomic response to stimuli

A

vegetative state

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28
Q

limited comprehension, brief periods of purposeful action

A

minimally conscious state

29
Q

no brain activity, nor stimuli response

A

brain death

30
Q

records average of electrical potentials of the cells & fibers in the brain areas nearest each electrode on the scalp [records rises or falls when cells act in synchrony]

A

electroencophalograph [EEG]

31
Q

combo of EEG & eye-movement records

A

polysomnograph

32
Q

stage of sleep where EEG is dominated by irregular, jagged, low-voltage waves; includes alpha waves, brain activity begins to decline

A

stage 1 sleep

33
Q

have frequency of 8 to 12 per second; characteristics of relaxation

A

alpha waves

34
Q

stage of sleep characterized by sleep spindles & K-complexes

A

stage 2 sleep

35
Q

result from oscillating interactions between cells in the thalamus & the cortex [12-14hz waves during burst of at least half a sec]

A

sleep spindle

36
Q

sharp high amplitude negative wave followed by a smaller, slower, positive wave

A

K-complex

37
Q

stage of sleep characterized by slow-wave sleep [indicating that neuronal activity is highly synchronized]

A

stages 3 & 4

38
Q

stages 1-4 are known as ____ sleep

A

non-REM [NREM]

39
Q

stage of sleep where EEG shows irregular, low voltage fast waves that indicate increased neuronal activity; however, postural muscles of body are more relaxed than in other stages

A

REM sleep

40
Q

Cycle of Sleep [each cycle lasts 90mins]

A

Alpha(1), 2, 3, 4, 3, 2, 1

41
Q

as the night goes on _____ decreases, while _____ increases [stages of sleep]

A

stage 4, REM

42
Q

the reticular formation is critical for _____; contains neurons with axons ascending into brain & neurons with axons descending into spinal cord

A

arousal

43
Q
  • part of the reticular formation that contributes to cortical arousal
  • maintains arousal during wakefulness & increases it
  • stimulation of area awakens sleeping individuals or increases alertness in those already awake
A

pontomesencephalon

44
Q

small structure in the pons that emits bursts of impulses in response to meaningful events, especially those that produce emotional arousal
[axons release norepinephrine; strengthens storage of recent memories & increases wakefulness]

A

locus coeruleus

45
Q

hypothalamus has several pathways that influence arousal; one releases ___, the other releases ___

A

histamine; orexin

46
Q

released by hypothalamus, produces excitatory effects throughout brain

A

histamine

47
Q

antihistamine drugs produce ___

A

sleepiness

48
Q

peptide neurotransmitter released by pathway from hypothalamus; necessary for staying awake

A

orexin

49
Q

the brain’s main inhibitory transmitter that suppresses activity to allow us to remain asleep

A

GABA

50
Q

sleep can be local within the brain; examples of this are _____

A

sleepwalking, lucid dreaming, dolphins

51
Q

during REM: activity ____ in pons & limbic systems
-activity ____ in primary visual cortex, motor cortex, & dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, but _____ in parts of parietal & temporal cortex

A

increases, decreases, increases

52
Q

high amplitude electrical potentials associated with REM

A

PGO waves

53
Q

REM sleep depends on relationship between which two neurotransmitters?

A

acetylcholine & serotonin

54
Q

inadequate sleep; gauged by how one feels the next day

A

insomnia

55
Q

impaired ability to breathe while sleeping [multiple brain areas appear to have lost neurons]

A

sleep apnea

56
Q

condition characterized by frequent periods of sleepiness during day

A

narcolepsy

57
Q

attack of muscle weakness while person remains awake [associated with narcolepsy]

A

cataplexy

58
Q

4 symptoms of narcolepsy

A

attacks of sleepiness during day
occasional cataplexy
sleep paralysis-when falling asleep/waking up
hypnagogic hallucinations-dreamlike exp

59
Q

characterized by repeated involuntary movement of the legs & sometimes the arms while sleeping; occurs mostly during NREM

A

periodic limb movement disorder

60
Q

people with this disorder move around vigorously during REM periods, apparently acting out dreams

A

REM behavior disorder

61
Q

experiences of intense anxiety from which a person awakens screaming in terror; occurs during NREM

A

night terrors

62
Q

Why do we sleep?

A

to conserve energy, restoration of brain & body, muscle consolidation

63
Q

function of hibernation

A

to conserve energy while food is scarce

64
Q

if someone learns something, then goes to sleep, their memory will ___

A

improve

65
Q

sleep strengthens memory by ____

A

weeding out the less successful connections

[brain compensates for strengthening some synapses by weakening others]

66
Q

which age group spends the most time in REM?

A

infants

67
Q

In regards to types of learning; REM sleep is important for _____, while NREM sleep is important for ______

A

motor skills; verbal material [lists of words]

68
Q

dream represents the brain’s effort to make sense of sparse & distorted info; dreams begin with PGO waves

A

activation-synthesis hypothesis

69
Q

dreams begin with arousing stimuli generated within brain combined with recent memories & any info the brain is receiving from the senses [regards dreams as thinking that takes place under unusual conditions]

A

clinico-anatomical hypothesis

Physiological Psychology Psy 315 (15 decks)

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