Ch15-Mood Disorders & Schizophrenia

Question 1

disorder characterized by individual feeling sad & helpless every day for weeks at a time [little energy, worthlessness, suicidal thoughts, hopelessness, problems sleeping (phase-advanced), little pleasure]

Answer 1

major depressive disorder

Question 2

what is a more reliable symptom of major depressive disorder than increased sadness?

Answer 2

Absence of happiness

Question 3

childhood depression is _____ for boys & girls; beyond age 14, depression is _______

Answer 3

equally common; more common in females

Question 4

it is more common to have _____ of depression than ____ depression

Answer 4

episodes; long-term

Question 5

few cases of depression are linked to ______

Answer 5

viral infections

Question 6

viral infection of farm animals, which produces periods of frantic activity alternating with periods of inactivity

Answer 6

borna disease

Question 7

depression after giving birth

[occurs in 20% of women; more common if women has suffered major depression previously]

Answer 7

postpartum depression

Question 8

depression is associated with decreased activity in the ___ prefrontal cortex and increased activity in the ___ prefrontal cortex

Answer 8

left; right

Question 9

what are the 4 major categories of anti-depressants

Answer 9

tricyclics, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors [SSRIs], MAOIs, atypical antidepressants

Question 10

operate by blocking transporter proteins that reabsorb serotonin, dopamine, & norepinephrine [prolong effects of neurotransmitter on postsynaptic cell]

Answer 10

tricyclics

Question 11

block reuptake of serotonin to prolong presence of serotonin in the presynaptic cleft, where it continues to stimulate the postsynaptic cell [milder side effects than tricyclics]

Answer 11

SSRIs [selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors]

Question 12

block the enzyme monoamine oxidase, a presynaptic terminal enzyme that metabolizes catecholamines & serotonin into inactive forms; with MAO blocked, presynaptic terminal has more of its transmitter available for release

Answer 12

MAOIs [monoamine oxidase inhibitors]

Question 13

miscellaneous group containing everything other than the other 3 types
[ex) wellbutrin: inhibits reuptake of dopamine & some norepinephrine but not serotonin; st. johns wort: herb]

Answer 13

atypical antidepressants

Question 14

people with depression have approx ______ levels of release of neurotransmitters

Answer 14

normal

Question 15

most people with depression have lower than average levels of ________ [antidepressants raise these levels after a few weeks]

Answer 15

brain-derived neurotrophic factor [BDNF]

Question 16

due to lack of BDNF, people with depression have smaller than average _____, impaired learning, & reduced production of new hippocampal neurons

Answer 16

hippocampus

Question 17

drugs and psychotherapy are about equally effective for treating all levels of depression with what 3 exceptions?

Answer 17

• drugs work better for dysthymia
• drugs are generally ineffective for patients who suffered early trauma
• psychotherapy is more likely to have long-term benefits

Question 18

treatment for depression through an electrically induced seizure

Answer 18

electroconvulsive therapy [ECT]

Question 19

disorder characterized by individual varying between normality and 1 pole -depression

Answer 19

unipolar disorder

Question 20

disorder characterized by individual alternating between 2 poles -depression & mania

Answer 20

bipolar disorder

Question 21

characterized by restless activity, excitement, laughter, self-confidence, rambling speech, & loss of inhibitions

Answer 21

mania

Question 22

during depression glucose ____ in brain

during mania glucose _____ in brain

Answer 22

decreases, increases

Question 23

people have full blown episodes of mania

Answer 23

bipolar 1 disorder

Question 24

people have milder manic phases [hypomania], which are characterized mostly by agitation or anxiety

Answer 24

bipolar 2 disorder

Question 25

most people with bipolar disorder have

Answer 25

attention deficits, poor impulse control, impairments of verbal memory

Question 26

common treatment for bipolar disorders that stabilizes mood, preventing a relapse into either mania or depression, dose must be regulated carefully

Answer 26

lithium salts

Question 27

other effective drugs are ____ & _____; these decrease the number of AMPA type glutamate receptors in hippocampus [excessive glutamate is responsible for mania]

Answer 27

valproate, carbamazepine

Question 28

people who eat a pound of seafood per week have decreased risk of bipolar disorder due to omega-3 fatty acids counteracting ______ acid

Answer 28

arachidonic

Question 29

depression that recurs during a particular season [winter; most prevalent near poles] [have phase-delayed sleep]

Answer 29

seasonal affective disorder [SAD]

Question 30

Treatments for SAD include ____ for an hour or more each day

Answer 30

very bright lights

Question 31

schizophrenia was originally called ________ until Eugene Bleuler introduced new term, which means split between emotional & intellectual aspects of experience

Answer 31

dementia praecox

Question 32

disorder characterized by a deteriorated ability to function in everyday life for at least 6 months, and must show at least 2 of the following symptoms: delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, grossly disorganized behavior, weak or absent signs of emotion, speech, & socialization

Answer 32

schizophrenia

Question 33

behaviors that are present that should be absent

Answer 33

positive symptoms

Question 34

behaviors that are absent that should be present [usually stable over time & difficult to treat]

Answer 34

negative symptoms

Question 35

limitations of thought & reasoning that are common in schizophrenia; most common is difficulty understanding & using abstract concepts, deficits in attention & working memory

Answer 35

cognitive symptoms

Question 36

schizophrenia is more common in women than men 7:5; more severe in men with an onset in _____, while women have an onset in ______

Answer 36

early 20s; late 20s

Question 37

possible hypothesis involving gene mutation & schizophrenia

Answer 37

microdeletions & microduplications on multiple genes that affect brain development

Question 38

hypothesis that schizophrenia is based on abnormalities in the prenatal or neonatal development of the nervous system

Answer 38

neurodevelopmental hypothesis

Question 39

relieves positive symptoms for most patients

Answer 39

chlorpromazine [thorazine] discovered in 1950s

Question 40

drugs that tend to relieve schizophrenia & similar conditions

Answer 40

antipsychotic or neuroleptic drugs

Question 41

2 chemical families of antipsychotics - both block dopamine _____ includes chlorpromazine _____ includes haloperidol

Answer 41

phenothiazines, butyrophenones

Question 42

hypothesis that states schizophrenia results from excess activity at dopamine synapses in certain brain areas; dopamine turnover is elevated [esp. in basal ganglia]

Answer 42

dopamine hypothesis

Question 43

characterized by hallucinations & delusions - results from repeated doses of amphetamine, methamphetamine, cocaine & LSD [drugs increase or prolong activity at dopamine synapses]

Answer 43

substance-induced psychotic disorder

Question 44

hypothesis that states the problem of schizophrenia relates in part to deficient activity at glutamate synapses, esp in prefrontal cortex

Answer 44

glutamate hypothesis

Question 45

in many brain areas dopamine ____ glutamate release, or glutamate _____ neurons that inhibit dopamine release [schizophrenia is associated with lower than normal release of glutamate]

Answer 45

inhibit, stimulates

Question 46

______ in low doses produce intoxication & slurred speech, larger doses produce both positive & negative symptoms of schizophrenia [supports glutamate hypothesis]

Answer 46

phencyclidine [PCP]

Question 47

drugs that block dopamine synapses produce their benefits by acting on neurons in the ______ system; set of neurons that project from the midbrain tegmentum to the limbic system

Answer 47

mesolimbocortical system

Question 48

drugs also block dopamine neurons in the ____ system, which projects to the basal ganglia; this results in ____ - characterized by tremors & other involuntary movements

Answer 48

mesotriatal; tardive dyskinesia

Question 49

to prevent tardive dyskinesia, _____ should be used [atypical antipsychotics]; these alleviate schizophrenia without producing movement problems [better at treating negative symptoms]

Answer 49

second-generation antipsychotics

Question 50

if mother is Rh negative & baby is Rh positive, the baby's blood factor may trigger an immunological rejection by the mother which can lead to _____

Answer 50

schizophrenia