Ch15-Mood Disorders & Schizophrenia Flashcards
disorder characterized by individual feeling sad & helpless every day for weeks at a time [little energy, worthlessness, suicidal thoughts, hopelessness, problems sleeping (phase-advanced), little pleasure]
major depressive disorder
what is a more reliable symptom of major depressive disorder than increased sadness?
Absence of happiness
childhood depression is _____ for boys & girls; beyond age 14, depression is _______
equally common; more common in females
it is more common to have _____ of depression than ____ depression
episodes; long-term
few cases of depression are linked to ______
viral infections
viral infection of farm animals, which produces periods of frantic activity alternating with periods of inactivity
borna disease
depression after giving birth
[occurs in 20% of women; more common if women has suffered major depression previously]
postpartum depression
depression is associated with decreased activity in the ___ prefrontal cortex and increased activity in the ___ prefrontal cortex
left; right
what are the 4 major categories of anti-depressants
tricyclics, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors [SSRIs], MAOIs, atypical antidepressants
operate by blocking transporter proteins that reabsorb serotonin, dopamine, & norepinephrine [prolong effects of neurotransmitter on postsynaptic cell]
tricyclics
block reuptake of serotonin to prolong presence of serotonin in the presynaptic cleft, where it continues to stimulate the postsynaptic cell [milder side effects than tricyclics]
SSRIs [selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors]
block the enzyme monoamine oxidase, a presynaptic terminal enzyme that metabolizes catecholamines & serotonin into inactive forms; with MAO blocked, presynaptic terminal has more of its transmitter available for release
MAOIs [monoamine oxidase inhibitors]
miscellaneous group containing everything other than the other 3 types
[ex) wellbutrin: inhibits reuptake of dopamine & some norepinephrine but not serotonin; st. johns wort: herb]
atypical antidepressants
people with depression have approx ______ levels of release of neurotransmitters
normal
most people with depression have lower than average levels of ________ [antidepressants raise these levels after a few weeks]
brain-derived neurotrophic factor [BDNF]
due to lack of BDNF, people with depression have smaller than average _____, impaired learning, & reduced production of new hippocampal neurons
hippocampus
drugs and psychotherapy are about equally effective for treating all levels of depression with what 3 exceptions?
- drugs work better for dysthymia
- drugs are generally ineffective for patients who suffered early trauma
- psychotherapy is more likely to have long-term benefits
treatment for depression through an electrically induced seizure
electroconvulsive therapy [ECT]
disorder characterized by individual varying between normality and 1 pole -depression
unipolar disorder
disorder characterized by individual alternating between 2 poles -depression & mania
bipolar disorder
characterized by restless activity, excitement, laughter, self-confidence, rambling speech, & loss of inhibitions
mania
during depression glucose ____ in brain
during mania glucose _____ in brain
decreases, increases
people have full blown episodes of mania
bipolar 1 disorder
people have milder manic phases [hypomania], which are characterized mostly by agitation or anxiety
bipolar 2 disorder
most people with bipolar disorder have
attention deficits, poor impulse control, impairments of verbal memory
common treatment for bipolar disorders that stabilizes mood, preventing a relapse into either mania or depression, dose must be regulated carefully
lithium salts
other effective drugs are ____ & _____; these decrease the number of AMPA type glutamate receptors in hippocampus [excessive glutamate is responsible for mania]
valproate, carbamazepine
people who eat a pound of seafood per week have decreased risk of bipolar disorder due to omega-3 fatty acids counteracting ______ acid
arachidonic
depression that recurs during a particular season [winter; most prevalent near poles] [have phase-delayed sleep]
seasonal affective disorder [SAD]
Treatments for SAD include ____ for an hour or more each day
very bright lights
schizophrenia was originally called ________ until Eugene Bleuler introduced new term, which means split between emotional & intellectual aspects of experience
dementia praecox
disorder characterized by a deteriorated ability to function in everyday life for at least 6 months, and must show at least 2 of the following symptoms: delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, grossly disorganized behavior, weak or absent signs of emotion, speech, & socialization
schizophrenia
behaviors that are present that should be absent
positive symptoms
behaviors that are absent that should be present [usually stable over time & difficult to treat]
negative symptoms
limitations of thought & reasoning that are common in schizophrenia; most common is difficulty understanding & using abstract concepts, deficits in attention & working memory
cognitive symptoms
schizophrenia is more common in women than men 7:5; more severe in men with an onset in _____, while women have an onset in ______
early 20s; late 20s
possible hypothesis involving gene mutation & schizophrenia
microdeletions & microduplications on multiple genes that affect brain development
hypothesis that schizophrenia is based on abnormalities in the prenatal or neonatal development of the nervous system
neurodevelopmental hypothesis
relieves positive symptoms for most patients
chlorpromazine [thorazine] discovered in 1950s
drugs that tend to relieve schizophrenia & similar conditions
antipsychotic or neuroleptic drugs
2 chemical families of antipsychotics - both block dopamine
_____ includes chlorpromazine
_____ includes haloperidol
phenothiazines, butyrophenones
hypothesis that states schizophrenia results from excess activity at dopamine synapses in certain brain areas; dopamine turnover is elevated [esp. in basal ganglia]
dopamine hypothesis
characterized by hallucinations & delusions - results from repeated doses of amphetamine, methamphetamine, cocaine & LSD [drugs increase or prolong activity at dopamine synapses]
substance-induced psychotic disorder
hypothesis that states the problem of schizophrenia relates in part to deficient activity at glutamate synapses, esp in prefrontal cortex
glutamate hypothesis
in many brain areas dopamine ____ glutamate release, or glutamate _____ neurons that inhibit dopamine release
[schizophrenia is associated with lower than normal release of glutamate]
inhibit, stimulates
______ in low doses produce intoxication & slurred speech, larger doses produce both positive & negative symptoms of schizophrenia [supports glutamate hypothesis]
phencyclidine [PCP]
drugs that block dopamine synapses produce their benefits by acting on neurons in the ______ system; set of neurons that project from the midbrain tegmentum to the limbic system
mesolimbocortical system
drugs also block dopamine neurons in the ____ system, which projects to the basal ganglia; this results in ____ - characterized by tremors & other involuntary movements
mesotriatal; tardive dyskinesia
to prevent tardive dyskinesia, _____ should be used [atypical antipsychotics]; these alleviate schizophrenia without producing movement problems [better at treating negative symptoms]
second-generation antipsychotics
if mother is Rh negative & baby is Rh positive, the baby’s blood factor may trigger an immunological rejection by the mother which can lead to _____
schizophrenia
