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Physiological Psychology Psy 315 > Ch7-Auditory, Mechanical, & Chemical Senses > Flashcards

Ch7-Auditory, Mechanical, & Chemical Senses Flashcards

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1
Q

periodic compressions of air, water, or other media

A

sound waves

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2
Q

audition depends upon our ability to detect _____

A

sound waves

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3
Q

intensity of a sound wave [measured height a sound wave reaches] - measured in decibels; physical dimension

A

amplitude

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4
Q

psychological experience of amplitude

A

loudness

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5
Q

number of compressions per second [how many cycles per second] - measured in hertz; physical dimension

A

frequency

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6
Q

psychological experience of frequency

A

pitch

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7
Q

range of frequencies in adults

A

15hz to 20,000hz

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8
Q

sound waves are transduced into ____ ____ through a complex process

A

action potentials

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9
Q

helps us locate the source of a sound [includes the pinna]

A

outer ear

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10
Q

after sounds waves pass through auditory canal, they strike the tympanic membrane [eardrum] in the ____ ____

A

middle ear

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11
Q

Tympanic membrane connects to three tiny bones that transmit vibrations to oval window

A

malleus [hammer]
incus [anvil]
stapes [stirrup]

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12
Q

snail-shaped structure in inner ear containing three long fluid filled tunnels [scala vestibuli, scala media, scala tympani]

A

cochlea

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13
Q

order of structures that sound waves pass through from outer ear to inner ear

A

pinna, tympanic membrane, oval window, cochlea

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14
Q

vibrations in the fluid of the cochlea displace ____ ____, where action potentials originate

A

hair cells

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15
Q

basilar membrane resembles strings of a piano - each area [neurons] along membrane is tuned to specific frequency

A

place theory

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16
Q

downfall of place theory:

A

various parts of basilar membrane are bound too tightly to resonate like piano strings

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17
Q

basilar membrane vibrates in synchrony with a sound, causing auditory nerve axons to produce action potentials at the same frequency in auditory nerve [50hz causes 50 action potentials per second]

A

frequency theory

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18
Q

downfall of frequency theory:

A

neurons cannot respond as quickly as the theory requires [max neuron firing rate is 1000hz]

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19
Q

combines modified versions of both place & frequency theory; low frequency = basilar membrane vibrates in synchrony with sound; high frequency = neuron’s action potentials are phase-locked to pearks of sound waves

A

current theory

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20
Q

auditory nerve as a whole produces volleys of impulses for sounds up to 4,000 per sec; auditory cells must time their response precisely

A

volley principle

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21
Q

most human hearing takes place below ____

A

4,000hz

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22
Q

impaired detection of frequency changes

A

amusia [tone deafness]

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23
Q

ability to hear note & ID it

A

absolute [perfect] pitch

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24
Q

axons cross over to opposite hemisphere; info ultimately reaches _______ in superior temporal cortex

A

primary auditory cortex [A1]

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25
Q

pathway detects patterns of sound

A

“what” pathway

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26
Q

pathway detects location of sound

A

“where” pathway

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27
Q

includes areas important for detecting visual motion & motion of sounds

A

superior temporal cortex [area MT]

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28
Q

area important for auditory imagery

A

area A1

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29
Q

difference between damage to V1 vs damage to A1

A

V1 damage = cortical blindness

A1 damage = does not necessarily cause deafness

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30
Q

cortex provides map of sounds called

A

tonotopic map

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31
Q

hearing loss that results from disease, infection, or tumorous bone growth; prevents middle ear from transmitting sound waves properly to cochlea

A

conductive deafness [middle-ear deafness]

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32
Q

hearing loss that results from damage to cochlea, hair cells, or auditory nerve

A

nerve deafness [inner-ear deafness]

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33
Q

nerve deafness often produces ______ [ringing in the ears]

A

tinnitus

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34
Q

3 cues for sound localization

A

sound shadow
time of arrival
phase difference

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35
Q

difference in intensity between the ears [head makes the sound louder for the closer ear]

A

sound shadow

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36
Q

difference in ____ of arrival at the two ears [localize sounds with sudden onset]

A

time

37
Q

sound coming from anywhere other than straight ahead or straight behind reaches the two ears at different ______ of the sound wave

A

phases

38
Q

_____ senses respond to pressure, bending, or other distortions of a receptor

A

mechanical

39
Q

if visually tracking an object while dancing is impaired, which sense is most likely damaged

A

vestibular

40
Q

sense that detects position and movement of the head; allows compensatory movements of the eyes

A

vestibular

41
Q

calcium carbonate particles that lie next to the hair cells

A

otoliths

42
Q

filled with jellylike substance & lined with hari cells

A

3 semicircular canals

43
Q

the sensation of the body & its movements; discriminates touch, deep pressure, cold, warmth, pain, tickle, & position and movement of joints

A

somatosensory system

44
Q

stimulation of touch receptor opens sodium channels in the axon, causing

A

an action potential

45
Q

chemical that stimulates heat receptors (hot peppers)

A

capsaicin

46
Q

different sub-areas along each strip of the somatosensory cortex respond to

A

different areas of the body

47
Q

experience evokes by harmful stimulus, directs our attention & holds it; keeps us away from dangerous stimuli

A

pain

48
Q

prefrontal cortex continues to respond to pain as long as ____

A

the pain lasts

49
Q

pain sensation begins with

A

bare nerve ending

50
Q

axons carrying pain info have little or no myelin, implicating _____

A

impulses travel slowly; brain processes pain info rapidly & motor responses are rapid

51
Q

thicker & faster axons result in ____ pain

A

sharp

52
Q

tinner & slower axons result in _____ pain

A

duller

53
Q

mild pain causes release of _____ neurotransmitter

A

glutamate

54
Q

stronger pain causes release of ______ neurotransmitter

A

both glutamate & substance P

55
Q

certain areas react not to the sensation of pain but to the ______ of pain

A

emotional associations

sympathetic pain [cingulate cortex]

56
Q

systems that respond to opiate drugs & similar chemicals

A

opiod mechanisms

[block release of sub P]

57
Q

implication of discovering opiate receptors

A

1st evidence opiates act on nervous system, not damaged tissue

58
Q

natural pain killers, inhibit sub P

A

endorphins

59
Q

Which theory states the spinal cord neurons that receive messages from pain receptors also receive messages from touch receptors & from axons descending from the brain

A

gate theory

60
Q

general principle of gate theory

A

nonpain stimuli modify the intensity of pain

61
Q

placebo’s effect is mainly on emotion, not sensation - decreases response in _______ but not _________

A

cingulate cortex, somatosensory cortex

62
Q

worsen pain by increasing anxiety

A

antiplacebos [nocebos]

63
Q

when someone experiences social pain, activity increases in the

A

cingulate cortex

64
Q

Why is itch useful?

A

It directs you to scratch the itchy area & remove whatever is irritating your skin

65
Q

there is an _____ relationship between pain & itch

A

inhibiting

66
Q

each receptor responds to a limited range of stimuli, and the meaning depends entirely on which neurons are active [3 bells, each sends only 1 msg]

A

label-line principle

67
Q

each receptor responds to a wider range of stimuli, and a given response by a given axon means little except in comparison to what other axons are doing [3 bells, combo of bells means different things]

A

across-fiber pattern principle

68
Q

nearly all perceptions depend on the pattern across an array of axon; this is the __________ principle

A

across-fiber pattern

69
Q

_____ is a combo of taste & smell

A

flavor

70
Q

taste & smell axons converge onto many of the same cells in the _______ cortex

A

endopiriform

71
Q

receptors for taste are _________; not true neurons

A

modified skin cells

72
Q

bumps on the tongue where taste buds receptors are located

A

papillae

73
Q

where are human taste buds located?

A

outer edges of tongue

74
Q

primary tastes [5]

A

sweet, salty, bitter, sour, unami

75
Q

reflects the fatigue of receptors sensitive to a certain taste [ex) after eating salty pretzels, salty chips will taste less salty due to _____]

A

adaptation

76
Q

reduced response to one taste after exposure to another

A

cross-adaptation

77
Q

taste nerves project to the ____________ [NTS] in the medulla; from NTS info branches out

A

nucleus of the tractus solitaries

78
Q

responds to touch stimulation on tongue

A

somatosensory cortex

79
Q

primary taste cortex

A

insula

80
Q

have highest sensitivity to all tastes & mouth sensations

A

supertasters

81
Q

variations in taste sensitivity relate to number of _______ near tip of tongue

A

fungiform papillae

82
Q

neurons responsible for smell; located on cilia

A

olfactory cells

83
Q

how many olfactory receptors do we have?

A

several hundred

84
Q

how is olfactory info coded in receptor cells?

A

there are hundreds of types of receptor molecules, each responsive to a different chemical

85
Q

we arrange our olfactory receptors over the entire surface of the nasal passages

A

localization

86
Q

olfaction is subject to more rapid ______ than sight or hearing

A

adaptation

87
Q

when an olfactory receptor is stimulated, its axon carries an impulse to the ________, which then sends axons to _________ of cerebral cortex

A

olfactory bulb, olfactory area

88
Q

experience of one sense in response to stimulation of a different sense

A

synesthesia

Physiological Psychology Psy 315 (15 decks)

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