Ch7-Auditory, Mechanical, & Chemical Senses

Question 1

periodic compressions of air, water, or other media

Answer 1

sound waves

Question 2

audition depends upon our ability to detect _____

Answer 2

sound waves

Question 3

intensity of a sound wave [measured height a sound wave reaches] - measured in decibels; physical dimension

Answer 3

amplitude

Question 4

psychological experience of amplitude

Answer 4

loudness

Question 5

number of compressions per second [how many cycles per second] - measured in hertz; physical dimension

Answer 5

frequency

Question 6

psychological experience of frequency

Answer 6

pitch

Question 7

range of frequencies in adults

Answer 7

15hz to 20,000hz

Question 8

sound waves are transduced into ____ ____ through a complex process

Answer 8

action potentials

Question 9

helps us locate the source of a sound [includes the pinna]

Answer 9

outer ear

Question 10

after sounds waves pass through auditory canal, they strike the tympanic membrane [eardrum] in the ____ ____

Answer 10

middle ear

Question 11

Tympanic membrane connects to three tiny bones that transmit vibrations to oval window

Answer 11

malleus [hammer]
incus [anvil]
stapes [stirrup]

Question 12

snail-shaped structure in inner ear containing three long fluid filled tunnels [scala vestibuli, scala media, scala tympani]

Answer 12

cochlea

Question 13

order of structures that sound waves pass through from outer ear to inner ear

Answer 13

pinna, tympanic membrane, oval window, cochlea

Question 14

vibrations in the fluid of the cochlea displace ____ ____, where action potentials originate

Answer 14

hair cells

Question 15

basilar membrane resembles strings of a piano - each area [neurons] along membrane is tuned to specific frequency

Answer 15

place theory

Question 16

downfall of place theory:

Answer 16

various parts of basilar membrane are bound too tightly to resonate like piano strings

Question 17

basilar membrane vibrates in synchrony with a sound, causing auditory nerve axons to produce action potentials at the same frequency in auditory nerve [50hz causes 50 action potentials per second]

Answer 17

frequency theory

Question 18

downfall of frequency theory:

Answer 18

neurons cannot respond as quickly as the theory requires [max neuron firing rate is 1000hz]

Question 19

combines modified versions of both place & frequency theory; low frequency = basilar membrane vibrates in synchrony with sound; high frequency = neuron’s action potentials are phase-locked to pearks of sound waves

Answer 19

current theory

Question 20

auditory nerve as a whole produces volleys of impulses for sounds up to 4,000 per sec; auditory cells must time their response precisely

Answer 20

volley principle

Question 21

most human hearing takes place below ____

Answer 21

4,000hz

Question 22

impaired detection of frequency changes

Answer 22

amusia [tone deafness]

Question 23

ability to hear note & ID it

Answer 23

absolute [perfect] pitch

Question 24

axons cross over to opposite hemisphere; info ultimately reaches _______ in superior temporal cortex

Answer 24

primary auditory cortex [A1]

Question 25

pathway detects patterns of sound

Answer 25

"what" pathway

Question 26

pathway detects location of sound

Answer 26

"where" pathway

Question 27

includes areas important for detecting visual motion & motion of sounds

Answer 27

superior temporal cortex [area MT]

Question 28

area important for auditory imagery

Answer 28

area A1

Question 29

difference between damage to V1 vs damage to A1

Answer 29

V1 damage = cortical blindness | A1 damage = does not necessarily cause deafness

Question 30

cortex provides map of sounds called

Answer 30

tonotopic map

Question 31

hearing loss that results from disease, infection, or tumorous bone growth; prevents middle ear from transmitting sound waves properly to cochlea

Answer 31

conductive deafness [middle-ear deafness]

Question 32

hearing loss that results from damage to cochlea, hair cells, or auditory nerve

Answer 32

nerve deafness [inner-ear deafness]

Question 33

nerve deafness often produces ______ [ringing in the ears]

Answer 33

tinnitus

Question 34

3 cues for sound localization

Answer 34

sound shadow time of arrival phase difference

Question 35

difference in intensity between the ears [head makes the sound louder for the closer ear]

Answer 35

sound shadow

Question 36

difference in ____ of arrival at the two ears [localize sounds with sudden onset]

Answer 36

time

Question 37

sound coming from anywhere other than straight ahead or straight behind reaches the two ears at different ______ of the sound wave

Answer 37

phases

Question 38

_____ senses respond to pressure, bending, or other distortions of a receptor

Answer 38

mechanical

Question 39

if visually tracking an object while dancing is impaired, which sense is most likely damaged

Answer 39

vestibular

Question 40

sense that detects position and movement of the head; allows compensatory movements of the eyes

Answer 40

vestibular

Question 41

calcium carbonate particles that lie next to the hair cells

Answer 41

otoliths

Question 42

filled with jellylike substance & lined with hari cells

Answer 42

3 semicircular canals

Question 43

the sensation of the body & its movements; discriminates touch, deep pressure, cold, warmth, pain, tickle, & position and movement of joints

Answer 43

somatosensory system

Question 44

stimulation of touch receptor opens sodium channels in the axon, causing

Answer 44

an action potential

Question 45

chemical that stimulates heat receptors (hot peppers)

Answer 45

capsaicin

Question 46

different sub-areas along each strip of the somatosensory cortex respond to

Answer 46

different areas of the body

Question 47

experience evokes by harmful stimulus, directs our attention & holds it; keeps us away from dangerous stimuli

Answer 47

pain

Question 48

prefrontal cortex continues to respond to pain as long as ____

Answer 48

the pain lasts

Question 49

pain sensation begins with

Answer 49

bare nerve ending

Question 50

axons carrying pain info have little or no myelin, implicating _____

Answer 50

impulses travel slowly; brain processes pain info rapidly & motor responses are rapid

Question 51

thicker & faster axons result in ____ pain

Answer 51

sharp

Question 52

tinner & slower axons result in _____ pain

Answer 52

duller

Question 53

mild pain causes release of _____ neurotransmitter

Answer 53

glutamate

Question 54

stronger pain causes release of ______ neurotransmitter

Answer 54

both glutamate & substance P

Question 55

certain areas react not to the sensation of pain but to the ______ of pain

Answer 55

emotional associations | sympathetic pain [cingulate cortex]

Question 56

systems that respond to opiate drugs & similar chemicals

Answer 56

opiod mechanisms | [block release of sub P]

Question 57

implication of discovering opiate receptors

Answer 57

1st evidence opiates act on nervous system, not damaged tissue

Question 58

natural pain killers, inhibit sub P

Answer 58

endorphins

Question 59

Which theory states the spinal cord neurons that receive messages from pain receptors also receive messages from touch receptors & from axons descending from the brain

Answer 59

gate theory

Question 60

general principle of gate theory

Answer 60

nonpain stimuli modify the intensity of pain

Question 61

placebo's effect is mainly on emotion, not sensation - decreases response in _______ but not _________

Answer 61

cingulate cortex, somatosensory cortex

Question 62

worsen pain by increasing anxiety

Answer 62

antiplacebos [nocebos]

Question 63

when someone experiences social pain, activity increases in the

Answer 63

cingulate cortex

Question 64

Why is itch useful?

Answer 64

It directs you to scratch the itchy area & remove whatever is irritating your skin

Question 65

there is an _____ relationship between pain & itch

Answer 65

inhibiting

Question 66

each receptor responds to a limited range of stimuli, and the meaning depends entirely on which neurons are active [3 bells, each sends only 1 msg]

Answer 66

label-line principle

Question 67

each receptor responds to a wider range of stimuli, and a given response by a given axon means little except in comparison to what other axons are doing [3 bells, combo of bells means different things]

Answer 67

across-fiber pattern principle

Question 68

nearly all perceptions depend on the pattern across an array of axon; this is the __________ principle

Answer 68

across-fiber pattern

Question 69

_____ is a combo of taste & smell

Answer 69

flavor

Question 70

taste & smell axons converge onto many of the same cells in the _______ cortex

Answer 70

endopiriform

Question 71

receptors for taste are _________; not true neurons

Answer 71

modified skin cells

Question 72

bumps on the tongue where taste buds receptors are located

Answer 72

papillae

Question 73

where are human taste buds located?

Answer 73

outer edges of tongue

Question 74

primary tastes [5]

Answer 74

sweet, salty, bitter, sour, unami

Question 75

reflects the fatigue of receptors sensitive to a certain taste [ex) after eating salty pretzels, salty chips will taste less salty due to _____]

Answer 75

adaptation

Question 76

reduced response to one taste after exposure to another

Answer 76

cross-adaptation

Question 77

taste nerves project to the ____________ [NTS] in the medulla; from NTS info branches out

Answer 77

nucleus of the tractus solitaries

Question 78

responds to touch stimulation on tongue

Answer 78

somatosensory cortex

Question 79

primary taste cortex

Answer 79

insula

Question 80

have highest sensitivity to all tastes & mouth sensations

Answer 80

supertasters

Question 81

variations in taste sensitivity relate to number of _______ near tip of tongue

Answer 81

fungiform papillae

Question 82

neurons responsible for smell; located on cilia

Answer 82

olfactory cells

Question 83

how many olfactory receptors do we have?

Answer 83

several hundred

Question 84

how is olfactory info coded in receptor cells?

Answer 84

there are hundreds of types of receptor molecules, each responsive to a different chemical

Question 85

we arrange our olfactory receptors over the entire surface of the nasal passages

Answer 85

localization

Question 86

olfaction is subject to more rapid ______ than sight or hearing

Answer 86

adaptation

Question 87

when an olfactory receptor is stimulated, its axon carries an impulse to the ________, which then sends axons to _________ of cerebral cortex

Answer 87

olfactory bulb, olfactory area

Question 88

experience of one sense in response to stimulation of a different sense

Answer 88

synesthesia