Ch13-Biology of Learning & Memory

Question 1

natural tendency to imitate behaviors of significant others (ex] monkey’s fear of snakes)

Answer 1

modeling

Question 2

phenomenon in which one avoids a certain food because it once made the person ill [violates the basic principles of classical conditioning]

Answer 2

conditioned taste aversion

Question 3

physical representation of what has been learned [connection between 2 brain areas] [Lashley]

Answer 3

engram

Question 4

when making cuts in the cerebral cortex, Lashley discovered that performance was not disrupted based on ______, but based on _____ _____

Answer 4

location, amount removed

Question 5

principle about nervous system: all parts of cortex contribute equally to learning, & any part of cortex can substitute for any other

Answer 5

equipotentiality

Question 6

principle about nervous system: cortex works as a whole, & more cortex is better

Answer 6

mass action

Question 7

Lashley looked for the engram in the ______ whereas Thompson & colleagues looked in the ______

Answer 7

cerebral cortex, cerebellum

Question 8

some learning occurs in various places like the _______

Answer 8

cerebellum

Question 9

Thompson identified _______(LIP) as essential for learning

Answer 9

lateral interpositus nuclues

Question 10

there is an ______ distinction between learning & memory

Answer 10

artificial

Question 11

memory for events that just occurred [Hebb]

Answer 11

short-term memory

Question 12

memory for events from further back [Hebb]

Answer 12

long-term memory

Question 13

memory for events from further back [Hebb]

Answer 13

long-term memory

Question 14

capacity differences. short-term memory= ______; long-term memory= _____

Answer 14

limited; unlimited

Question 15

alternative to short-term memory, ______ involves the way we store info while we’re working with it [braddeley & hitch]

Answer 15

working memory

Question 16

test of working memory that requires responding to something you saw or heard a short while ago

Answer 16

delayed response task

Question 17

temporary storage place of working memory

Answer 17

prefrontal cortex

Question 18

H.M. had hippocampus removed from both hemispheres; this helped researchers learn that the hippocampus is vital for forming new ______ memories

Answer 18

long-term

Question 19

inability to form memories for events that happened AFTER brain damage

Answer 19

anterograde amnesia

Question 20

loss of memory for events that occurred BEFORE brain damage

Answer 20

retrograde amnesia

Question 21

H.M showed intact short term/working memory; this was evidence that _________

Answer 21

short-term and long-term memory occur in 2 different areas of the brain

Question 22

memory for specific events in your life (H.M. suffered severe impairment]

Answer 22

episodic memory

Question 23

H.M had better ___ memory than ____ memory

Answer 23

implicit, explicit

Question 24

memory involving a deliberate retrieval of info; recognize as memory [also known as declarative]

Answer 24

explicit

Question 25

an influence of recent experience on behavior; do not recognize as memory

Answer 25

implicit

Question 26

ability to state memory in words

Answer 26

declarative memory

Question 27

ability to state memory in words

Answer 27

declarative memory

Question 28

type of memory involved in development of motor skills and habits [special kind of implicit]

Answer 28

procedural

Question 29

test declarative memory; animal sees sample, then after a delay, gets a choice between 2 objects

Answer 29

delayed matching-to-sample task

Question 30

test declarative memory; animal sees sample, then after a delay, animal must choose the object that is different from the sample

Answer 30

delayed nonmatching-to-sample task

Question 31

test declarative memory; animal sees sample, then after a delay, animal must choose the object that is different from the sample

Answer 31

delayed nonmatching-to-sample task

Question 32

test spatial memory; has eight or more arms, some of which have a reinforcer at the end, rats with damage to hippocampus often enter correct arm 2x

Answer 32

radial maze

Question 33

test spatial memory; rat must swim through murky water to find a rest platform that is just under the surface

Answer 33

morris water maze task

Question 34

Clark's nutcrackers store large amounts of food in the summer and heavily relies on this food in the winter; these birds have the largest ______

Answer 34

hippocampus

Question 35

remember detail & context of event

Answer 35

memory for context

Question 36

as time passes, memory becomes less detailed, less dependent on the ____, & more dependent on the ____ ___

Answer 36

hippocampus, cerebral cortex

Question 37

gradual learning [over repeated experiences] depends on the ___ ___

Answer 37

basal ganglia

Question 38

hippocampus is more important for ____ memory, & the basal ganglia is more important for _____ memory

Answer 38

declarative, procedural memory

Question 39

brain damage caused by prolonged thiamine deficiency [chronic alcoholism-primary cause]

Answer 39

korsakoff's syndrome

Question 40

prolonged thiamine deficiency leads to a loss or shrinkage of neurons throughout the brain; one area most affected is the ___ ____, the main source of input to the prefrontal cortex

Answer 40

dosomedial thalamus

Question 41

distinctive symptom of Korsakoff's syndrome; guessing to fill in memory gaps

Answer 41

confabulation

Question 42

disease associated with gradual loss of memory & other cognitive functioning

Answer 42

Alzheimer's disease

Question 43

AD patients have better ___ memory than ____ memory

Answer 43

procedural, declarative

Question 44

memory & alertness vary from day to day, which suggest ____ neurons as well as ___ of neurons

Answer 44

malfunctioning, death

Question 45

memory & alertness vary from day to day, which suggest ____ neurons as well as ___ of neurons

Answer 45

malfunctioning, death

Question 46

genes controlling early-onset AD cause protein B amyloid to accumulate both inside & outside neurons which causes _________

Answer 46

transmission to slow down

Question 47

clumps of B amyloid that cluster among axon terminals and disrupt neural transmission

Answer 47

plaques

Question 48

plaques accumulate causing cerebral cortex & hippocampus to ____

Answer 48

atrophy

Question 49

AD patients accumulate abnormal form of __ _____ which attacks from within dendrites

Answer 49

tau protein

Question 50

part of intracellular support structure of axons

Answer 50

tau protein

Question 51

part of intracellular support structure of axons

Answer 51

tau protein

Question 52

structures formed from degenerating within neurons [leads to death of neurons]

Answer 52

tangles

Question 53

most common treatment for AD stimulates acetylcholine to increase _____

Answer 53

arousal

Question 54

hypothesis that states individuals have more neurons to lose in the first place, more brain that protects them, and makes them more resilient to destructive effects of B amyloid

Answer 54

cognitive reserve hypothesis

Question 55

Indian spice shown to inhibit B amyloid deposit & phosphate attachments to tau proteins

Answer 55

curcumin

Question 56

____ is important for fear learning

Answer 56

amygdala

Question 57

people with ____ ____ damage appear to lack ability to elaborate on a memory spontaneously [associating one detail with another]

Answer 57

parietal lobe

Question 58

loss of certain types of semantic memory [knowledge], results from damage in the anterior & inferior regions of temporal lobe [cannot identify something when given it's name (ex: horse)]

Answer 58

semantic dementia

Question 59

important for learning about rewards & punishments

Answer 59

prefrontal cortex

Question 60

cells in _____ prefrontal cortex respond based on reward to be expected based on past experiences; cells in ______ cortex respond based on how that reward compares to other possible choices

Answer 60

ventromedial; orbitofrontal

Question 61

hebb's suggestion: axon that has successfully stimulated cell B in the past becomes even more _______ in the future

Answer 61

successful

Question 62

synapse that increases effectiveness because of simultaneous activity in the presynaptic & postsynaptic neurons [may be critical for associative learning]

Answer 62

Hebbian synapse

Question 63

decrease in response to stimulus that is presented repeatedly & accompanied by no change in other stimuli [in Aplysia: depends on change in the synapse between sensory neuron & motor neuron]

Answer 63

habituation

Question 64

increase in response to mild stimuli as a result of previous exposure to more intense stimuli

Answer 64

sensitization

Question 65

occurs when one or more axons connected to a dendrite bombard it with brief but rapid series of stimuli [LTP]

Answer 65

long-term potentiation

Question 66

more responsive to new input of the same type

Answer 66

potentiated

Question 67

property of LTP: only synapses onto a cell that have been highly active become strenghtened

Answer 67

specificity

Question 68

property of LTP: 2 axons stimulating a neuron at the same time produce LTP more strongly than 1 axon repeatedly stimulating a neuron

Answer 68

cooperativity

Question 69

property of LTP: pairing weak input with strong input enhances later responses to weak input [ex) classical conditioning]

Answer 69

associativity

Question 70

opposite change occurs in the hippocampus & cerebellum [decrease in response at a synapse that occurs when axons have been less active than others; as once synapse strengthens, another weakens] LTD

Answer 70

long-term depression

Question 71

opposite change occurs in the hippocampus & cerebellum [decrease in response at a synapse that occurs when axons have been less active than others; as once synapse strengthens, another weakens] LTD

Answer 71

long-term depression

Question 72

LTP depends on changes at the glutamate synapses; what are the 2 types of glutamate receptors?

Answer 72

AMPA, NMDA

Question 73

AMPA & NMDA are ______ receptors; open a channel to let ions enter postsynaptic cell

Answer 73

ionotropic

Question 74

Must detach magnesium from ____ receptor by depolarizing the membrane

Answer 74

NMDA