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Physiological Psychology Psy 315 > Ch13-Biology of Learning & Memory > Flashcards

Ch13-Biology of Learning & Memory Flashcards

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1
Q

natural tendency to imitate behaviors of significant others (ex] monkey’s fear of snakes)

A

modeling

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2
Q

phenomenon in which one avoids a certain food because it once made the person ill [violates the basic principles of classical conditioning]

A

conditioned taste aversion

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3
Q

physical representation of what has been learned [connection between 2 brain areas] [Lashley]

A

engram

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4
Q

when making cuts in the cerebral cortex, Lashley discovered that performance was not disrupted based on ______, but based on _____ _____

A

location, amount removed

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5
Q

principle about nervous system: all parts of cortex contribute equally to learning, & any part of cortex can substitute for any other

A

equipotentiality

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6
Q

principle about nervous system: cortex works as a whole, & more cortex is better

A

mass action

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7
Q

Lashley looked for the engram in the ______ whereas Thompson & colleagues looked in the ______

A

cerebral cortex, cerebellum

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8
Q

some learning occurs in various places like the _______

A

cerebellum

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9
Q

Thompson identified _______(LIP) as essential for learning

A

lateral interpositus nuclues

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10
Q

there is an ______ distinction between learning & memory

A

artificial

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11
Q

memory for events that just occurred [Hebb]

A

short-term memory

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12
Q

memory for events from further back [Hebb]

A

long-term memory

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13
Q

memory for events from further back [Hebb]

A

long-term memory

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14
Q

capacity differences. short-term memory= ______; long-term memory= _____

A

limited; unlimited

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15
Q

alternative to short-term memory, ______ involves the way we store info while we’re working with it [braddeley & hitch]

A

working memory

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16
Q

test of working memory that requires responding to something you saw or heard a short while ago

A

delayed response task

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17
Q

temporary storage place of working memory

A

prefrontal cortex

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18
Q

H.M. had hippocampus removed from both hemispheres; this helped researchers learn that the hippocampus is vital for forming new ______ memories

A

long-term

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19
Q

inability to form memories for events that happened AFTER brain damage

A

anterograde amnesia

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20
Q

loss of memory for events that occurred BEFORE brain damage

A

retrograde amnesia

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21
Q

H.M showed intact short term/working memory; this was evidence that _________

A

short-term and long-term memory occur in 2 different areas of the brain

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22
Q

memory for specific events in your life (H.M. suffered severe impairment]

A

episodic memory

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23
Q

H.M had better ___ memory than ____ memory

A

implicit, explicit

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24
Q

memory involving a deliberate retrieval of info; recognize as memory [also known as declarative]

A

explicit

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25
Q

an influence of recent experience on behavior; do not recognize as memory

A

implicit

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26
Q

ability to state memory in words

A

declarative memory

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27
Q

ability to state memory in words

A

declarative memory

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28
Q

type of memory involved in development of motor skills and habits [special kind of implicit]

A

procedural

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29
Q

test declarative memory; animal sees sample, then after a delay, gets a choice between 2 objects

A

delayed matching-to-sample task

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30
Q

test declarative memory; animal sees sample, then after a delay, animal must choose the object that is different from the sample

A

delayed nonmatching-to-sample task

31
Q

test declarative memory; animal sees sample, then after a delay, animal must choose the object that is different from the sample

A

delayed nonmatching-to-sample task

32
Q

test spatial memory; has eight or more arms, some of which have a reinforcer at the end, rats with damage to hippocampus often enter correct arm 2x

A

radial maze

33
Q

test spatial memory; rat must swim through murky water to find a rest platform that is just under the surface

A

morris water maze task

34
Q

Clark’s nutcrackers store large amounts of food in the summer and heavily relies on this food in the winter; these birds have the largest ______

A

hippocampus

35
Q

remember detail & context of event

A

memory for context

36
Q

as time passes, memory becomes less detailed, less dependent on the ____, & more dependent on the ____ ___

A

hippocampus, cerebral cortex

37
Q

gradual learning [over repeated experiences] depends on the ___ ___

A

basal ganglia

38
Q

hippocampus is more important for ____ memory, & the basal ganglia is more important for _____ memory

A

declarative, procedural memory

39
Q

brain damage caused by prolonged thiamine deficiency [chronic alcoholism-primary cause]

A

korsakoff’s syndrome

40
Q

prolonged thiamine deficiency leads to a loss or shrinkage of neurons throughout the brain; one area most affected is the ___ ____, the main source of input to the prefrontal cortex

A

dosomedial thalamus

41
Q

distinctive symptom of Korsakoff’s syndrome; guessing to fill in memory gaps

A

confabulation

42
Q

disease associated with gradual loss of memory & other cognitive functioning

A

Alzheimer’s disease

43
Q

AD patients have better ___ memory than ____ memory

A

procedural, declarative

44
Q

memory & alertness vary from day to day, which suggest ____ neurons as well as ___ of neurons

A

malfunctioning, death

45
Q

memory & alertness vary from day to day, which suggest ____ neurons as well as ___ of neurons

A

malfunctioning, death

46
Q

genes controlling early-onset AD cause protein B amyloid to accumulate both inside & outside neurons which causes _________

A

transmission to slow down

47
Q

clumps of B amyloid that cluster among axon terminals and disrupt neural transmission

A

plaques

48
Q

plaques accumulate causing cerebral cortex & hippocampus to ____

A

atrophy

49
Q

AD patients accumulate abnormal form of __ _____ which attacks from within dendrites

A

tau protein

50
Q

part of intracellular support structure of axons

A

tau protein

51
Q

part of intracellular support structure of axons

A

tau protein

52
Q

structures formed from degenerating within neurons [leads to death of neurons]

A

tangles

53
Q

most common treatment for AD stimulates acetylcholine to increase _____

A

arousal

54
Q

hypothesis that states individuals have more neurons to lose in the first place, more brain that protects them, and makes them more resilient to destructive effects of B amyloid

A

cognitive reserve hypothesis

55
Q

Indian spice shown to inhibit B amyloid deposit & phosphate attachments to tau proteins

A

curcumin

56
Q

____ is important for fear learning

A

amygdala

57
Q

people with ____ ____ damage appear to lack ability to elaborate on a memory spontaneously [associating one detail with another]

A

parietal lobe

58
Q

loss of certain types of semantic memory [knowledge], results from damage in the anterior & inferior regions of temporal lobe [cannot identify something when given it’s name (ex: horse)]

A

semantic dementia

59
Q

important for learning about rewards & punishments

A

prefrontal cortex

60
Q

cells in _____ prefrontal cortex respond based on reward to be expected based on past experiences; cells in ______ cortex respond based on how that reward compares to other possible choices

A

ventromedial; orbitofrontal

61
Q

hebb’s suggestion: axon that has successfully stimulated cell B in the past becomes even more _______ in the future

A

successful

62
Q

synapse that increases effectiveness because of simultaneous activity in the presynaptic & postsynaptic neurons [may be critical for associative learning]

A

Hebbian synapse

63
Q

decrease in response to stimulus that is presented repeatedly & accompanied by no change in other stimuli [in Aplysia: depends on change in the synapse between sensory neuron & motor neuron]

A

habituation

64
Q

increase in response to mild stimuli as a result of previous exposure to more intense stimuli

A

sensitization

65
Q

occurs when one or more axons connected to a dendrite bombard it with brief but rapid series of stimuli [LTP]

A

long-term potentiation

66
Q

more responsive to new input of the same type

A

potentiated

67
Q

property of LTP: only synapses onto a cell that have been highly active become strenghtened

A

specificity

68
Q

property of LTP: 2 axons stimulating a neuron at the same time produce LTP more strongly than 1 axon repeatedly stimulating a neuron

A

cooperativity

69
Q

property of LTP: pairing weak input with strong input enhances later responses to weak input [ex) classical conditioning]

A

associativity

70
Q

opposite change occurs in the hippocampus & cerebellum [decrease in response at a synapse that occurs when axons have been less active than others; as once synapse strengthens, another weakens] LTD

A

long-term depression

71
Q

opposite change occurs in the hippocampus & cerebellum [decrease in response at a synapse that occurs when axons have been less active than others; as once synapse strengthens, another weakens] LTD

A

long-term depression

72
Q

LTP depends on changes at the glutamate synapses; what are the 2 types of glutamate receptors?

A

AMPA, NMDA

73
Q

AMPA & NMDA are ______ receptors; open a channel to let ions enter postsynaptic cell

A

ionotropic

74
Q

Must detach magnesium from ____ receptor by depolarizing the membrane

A

NMDA

Physiological Psychology Psy 315 (15 decks)

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