Ch8-Control of Movement

Question 1

controls digestive system & other organs [involuntary]

Answer 1

smooth muscles

Question 2

controls movement in relation to environment [striped in appearance]

Answer 2

skeletal [striated] muscles

Question 3

controls the heart; has properties of both skeletal & smooth muscles

Answer 3

cardiac muscles

Question 4

synapse between motor neuron axon & muscle fiber

Answer 4

neuromuscular junction

Question 5

alternating contractions of opposing muscle sets [flexor & extensor muscles]

Answer 5

antagonistic muscles

Question 6

which neurotransmitter excites muscles to contract

Answer 6

acetylcholine

Question 7

autoimmune disease that attacks acetylcholine at neuromuscular junction; inhibits movement

Answer 7

myasthenia gravis

Question 8

fast contractions but fatigue rapidly [ex) sprinting]

Answer 8

fast-twitch fibers

Question 9

less vigorous contractions without fatigue [ex) lip muscles]

Answer 9

slow-twitch fibers

Question 10

uses oxygen; does not fatigue, slow-twitch

Answer 10

aerobic

Question 11

does not use oxygen at the time; fatigues & needs oxygen to recover, fast-twitch

Answer 11

anaerobic

Question 12

receptor that detects position or movement of a part of the body; allow for smooth movements

Answer 12

proprioceptor

Question 13

detect stretch & tension of muscle & send messages to spinal cord to contract it [ex) knee jerk reflex]

Answer 13

stretch reflex

Question 14

receptor parallel to the muscle that responds to a stretch; causes contraction of muscle

Answer 14

muscle spindle

Question 15

respond to increases in muscle tension [located in tendons at opposite ends of muscle; brake on muscle to prevent too vigorous of a contraction]

Answer 15

golgi tendon organs

Question 16

consistent auto responses to stimuli; involuntary[insensitive to reinforcements, punishments, & motivations], consistent, & automatic

Answer 16

reflexes

Question 17

once initiated cannot be altered or corrected [stretch reflex, pupil dilation]

Answer 17

ballistic movement

Question 18

many behaviors consist of rapid sequences such as……

Answer 18

speaking, dancing, playing, musical instrument

Question 19

neural mechanisms in spinal cord that generate rhythmic patterns of motor output [ex) birds wing flapping, dog shaking to get dry]

Answer 19

central pattern generators

Question 20

fixed sequence of movements; once begun sequence is fixed from beginning to end [ex) mouse grooming]; automatic, thinking about it interferes with action

Answer 20

motor program

Question 21

built-in motor program in humans

Answer 21

yawning

Question 22

what are the 3 infant reflexes?

Answer 22

grasp reflex [grab if object placed in hand]
Babinski reflex [fan toes if foot tickled]
rooting reflex [tickle cheek, will suck finger]

Question 23

importance of understanding how the brain controls movement

Answer 23

enabling individuals who are paralyzed to be able to move

Question 24

pioneering work of Fritsch & Hitzig - direct stimulation of the ___ _____ ____ elicits movements [frontal lobe, precentral gyrus]

Answer 24

primary motor cortex

Question 25

motor cortex sends messages through axons to ________ & ______, then is sent to muscles

Answer 25

brain stem, spinal cord

Question 26

cerebral cortex is particularly important for _____ ____ [ex) talking, writing]

Answer 26

complex actions

Question 27

specific areas of motor cortex control _______ [contralateral]

Answer 27

specific areas of the body

Question 28

when people “intend” a movement _____ is active

Answer 28

primary motor cortex

Question 29

keeps track of the position of the body relative to the world [damage causes difficulty coordinating visual stimuli with movement]

Answer 29

posterior parietal cortex

Question 30

stores sensory info relevant to a movement & also plans movements according to their probable outcomes

Answer 30

prefrontal cortex

Question 31

damage to the _______ causes disorganized, irrational behavior [ex) jump in shower with clothes on]

Answer 31

prefrontal cortex

Question 32

most active immediately before a movement; receives info about a target and the body’s current position

Answer 32

premotor cortex

Question 33

along with prefrontal cortex, important for planning & organizing a rapid sequence of movements in a particular order; important for inhibiting habitual movement in order to do something else

Answer 33

supplementary motor cortex

Question 34

active both during preparation for a movement & while watching someone else perform the same or similar movement [unknown whether they are the cause or result from social behavior]

Answer 34

mirror neurons

Question 35

brain decides to act before you are conscious of it [voluntary & conscious are not synonymous]

Answer 35

readiness potential

Question 36

paths from cerebral cortex to the spinal cord

Answer 36

corticospinal tracts

Question 37

set of axons from the primary motor cortex, surrounding areas, & red nucleus [control periphery of body (hands & feet)]

Answer 37

lateral corticospinal tract

Question 38

includes axons from many parts of cerebral cortex [controls neck, shoulders, trunk]

Answer 38

medial corticospinal tract

Question 39

cerebellum is important for __ & ___

[contains 70% of nervous system neurons]

Answer 39

balance, coordination

Question 40

cerebellar damage

Answer 40

difficulty calibrating eye movement, shifting attention, playing sports [examples: clapping hands, speaking, writing]

Question 41

quick way to test cerebellum for damage or alcohol effects

Answer 41

finger-to-nose test

Question 42

Ito-proposed that a key role of the _____ is to establish new motor programs that enable one to execute a sequence of actions as a whole

Answer 42

cerebellum

Question 43

information eventually reaches the _____

Answer 43

cerebellar cortex

Question 44

neurons in cerebellar cortex

Answer 44

purkinje cells-flat cells in sequential planes

parallel fibers-axons parallel to one another & perpendicular to planes of purkinje cells

Question 45

the greater the number of excited purkinje cells, the greater their _________; controls timing of movement

Answer 45

collective duration of response

Question 46

group of large subcortical structures in the forebrain; responsible for initiating action not guided by a stimulus

Answer 46

basal ganglia

Question 47

3 parts of basal ganglia

Answer 47

caudate nucleus, putamen, globus pallidus

Question 48

input come to ___ & ____ from cerebral cortex, then sends output to ____, then to the thalamus

Answer 48

caudate nucleus, putamen

globus pallidus

Question 49

the ___ ___ select a movement by ceasing to inhibit it–circuit is particularly important for self-initiated behaviors

Answer 49

basal ganglia

Question 50

ALS [amyotrophic lateral sclerosis] is due primarily to ______

Answer 50

the death of spinal motor neurons

Question 51

Huntington’s Disease is associated with gradual, extensive brain damage, especially in which area?

Answer 51

caudate nucleus, putamen, & globus pallidus [basal ganglia]