Ch1-Major Issues (Basics)

Question 1

What is the hard problem as stated by David Chalmers?

Answer 1

given this universe is composed of matter & energy, why is there such a thing as consciousness?

Question 2

the belief that the mind & brain are different kinds of substance & exist independently

Answer 2

dualism (rene’ descartes)

Question 3

the belief that the universe consists of only one kind of substance (mind & body are one entity)

Answer 3

monism

Question 4

the study of the physiological, evolutionary, & developmental mechanisms of behavior & experience

Answer 4

biological psychology

Question 5

relates behavior to the activity of the brain & other organs (type of biological explanation)

Answer 5

physiological explanation

Question 6

describes how a structure or behavior develops, including the influence of genes, nutrition, experiences, & their interactions (type of biological explanation)

Answer 6

ontogenetic explanation

Question 7

reconstructs the evolutionary history of a structure or behavior (type of biological explanation)

Answer 7

evolutionary explanation

Question 8

describes why a structure or behavior evolved as it did (type of biological explanation)

Answer 8

functional explanation

Question 9

units of heredity that maintain their structural identity from one generation to another; exist in pairs; aligned along chromosomes

Answer 9

Genes (Gregor Mendel)

Question 10

strands of genes composed of DNA

Answer 10

chromosomes

Question 11

adenine, guanine, cytosine, & thymine are basis of…

Answer 11

DNA

Question 12

biological catalysts that regulate chemical reactions in the body

Answer 12

enzymes

Question 13

identical pair of genes on the chromosome

Answer 13

homozygous

Question 14

unmatched pair of genes

Answer 14

heterozygous

Question 15

gene shows a strong effect in either homozygous or heterozygous conditions

Answer 15

dominant

Question 16

gene shows its effect only in the homozygous condition

Answer 16

recessive

Question 17

genes located on sex chromosomes

Answer 17

sex-linked

Question 18

all other genes are….

Answer 18

autosomal

Question 19

genes that are present in both sexes, but active mainly in one sex

Answer 19

sex-limited

Question 20

heritable change in DNA molecule

Answer 20

mutation

Question 21

deals with changes in gene expression without modification of DNA sequence

Answer 21

epigenetics

Question 22

histones loosen grip on DNA

Answer 22

facilitates gene expression (on)

Question 23

histones tighten grip on DNA

Answer 23

turns gene off

Question 24

degree to which variations in some characteristic depend on genetic difference

Answer 24

heritability

Question 25

change over generations in the frequencies of various genes in a population; reproduction is key regardless if gene is helpful or harmful to the species

Answer 25

evolution

Question 26

choosing individuals with a desired trait & using them as parents for the next generation

Answer 26

artificial selection

Question 27

nature also selects & successful individual genes will be prevalent in later generations

Answer 27

Darwin’s insight

Question 28

Evolution does not mean improvement it means…

Answer 28

change

Question 29

branch of psychology that deals with how behaviors evolved, especially social behaviors

Answer 29

evolutionary psychology

Question 30

an action that benefits someone other than the actor

Answer 30

altruistic behavior

Question 31

idea that individuals help those who will return the favor

Answer 31

reciprocal altruism

Question 32

selection for gene that benefits individual’s relatives

Answer 32

kin selection

Question 33

Reasons for animal research

Answer 33

1. underlying mechanisms of behavior are similar across species.
2. interested in animals for their own sake.
3. what we learn from animals can shed light on humans.
4. certain experiments cannot be performed on humans.

Question 34

DNA->RNA->Proteins

Answer 34

Protein synthesis