Ch14-Cognitive Functions

Question 1

____ of cerebral cortex is connected to skin receptors and muscles mainly on right side of body, while _____ is connected to skin receptors and muscles mainly on left side of body [exceptions are trunk & facial muscles]

Answer 1

left hemisphere; right hemisphere

Question 2

taste and smell send information to the _____ side of brain

Answer 2

ipsilateral

Question 3

set of axons through which left & right hemispheres exchange info [also exchange through anterior commisure, hippocampal commisure]

Answer 3

corpus callosum

Question 4

2 hemispheres are not mirror images; division of labor between the 2 hemispheres

Answer 4

lateralization

Question 5

what is visible at any moment

Answer 5

visual field

Question 6

light from right half of visual field shines onto left half of both retinas; left half of each retina connects to ____ hemisphere, sees right visual field

Answer 6

left

Question 7

light from left half of visual field shines onto right half of both retinas; right half of each retina connects to ___ hemisphere, sees left visual field

Answer 7

right

Question 8

each ear sends information to ____ sides of brain; in order to localize sound

Answer 8

both

Question 9

damage to corpus callosum

Answer 9

prevents 2 hemispheres from sending info to each other

Question 10

corpus callosum is sometimes severed to treat severe ____

Answer 10

epilepsy

Question 11

condition characterized by repeated episodes of excessive synchronized neural activity

Answer 11

epilepsy

Question 12

block sodium flow across the membrane or enhance effects of GABA

Answer 12

antiepileptic drugs

Question 13

people who have undergone surgery to corpus callosum
[maintain intellect & motivation, walk normally, use 2 hands together on familiar tasks; struggle with less familiar tasks & can use hands independently]

Answer 13

split-brain people

Question 14

Roger Sperry’s studies:

• two halves of the brain had different info and could not communicate with each other
• when shown info in left visual field, individual could not name it, but could point to object with ______

Answer 14

left hand

Question 15

after severing corpus callosum, the brain learns to use smaller connections called _____ between hemispheres

Answer 15

commissures

Question 16

right hemisphere appears to be better than left at comprehending _____ relationships

Answer 16

spatial

Question 17

left hemisphere focuses more on ____ & right hemisphere more on overall ______

Answer 17

details; overall

Question 18

larger in the left hemisphere for 65% of people

Answer 18

planum temporale

Question 19

children with larger ratio of left to right planum temporale perform best on _____ tests; children with nearly equal hemispheres were better on certain _____ tasks

Answer 19

language; nonverbal

Question 20

connects anterior parts of cerebral cortex

Answer 20

anterior commisure

Question 21

connects left & right hippocampi

Answer 21

hippocampal commisure

Question 22

hemispheres are ____ for different functions

Answer 22

specialized

Question 23

both hemispheres are used for all, but the _____ tasks

Answer 23

simplest

Question 24

human language stands out from other forms of communication due to its ______ [the ability to produce new signals to represent new ideas]

Answer 24

productivity

Question 25

_____ have social order that resembles humans in several regards [possibly have more language potential than common chimps]

Answer 25

Bonobos

Question 26

human language evolved from precursors present in other _____

Answer 26

species

Question 27

2 theories of evolution of language

Answer 27

- by-product of overall brain development | - brain specialization

Question 28

Chomsky & Pinker proposed that humans have a _______ [brain specialization]

Answer 28

language acquisition device

Question 29

problems with "language is accidental by-product" view

Answer 29

- not all people with full-sized brains have normal language | - Williams Syndrome individuals speak well

Question 30

individuals will learn language better if they learn it at ______

Answer 30

an early age

Question 31

mutation in FOXP2 gene can affect language abilities because this gene controls ________

Answer 31

mechanisms of jaw & throat that are important for speech

Question 32

a language impairment is called _____

Answer 32

aphasia

Question 33

brain damage that results in impaired language production - comprehension deficits - slow & awkward with all forms of expression - when speaking: omit most pronouns, prepositions, conjunctions etc [due to having trouble understanding these words]

Answer 33

broca's aphasia

Question 34

language comprehension of individuals with Broca's aphasia resembles someone who is ______

Answer 34

highly distracted

Question 35

characterized by poor language comprehension & impaired ability to remember the names of objects, but speak fluently

Answer 35

Wernicke's aphasia

Question 36

difficulty recalling names of objects

Answer 36

anomia

Question 37

parallels suggest music and language arose _____

Answer 37

together

Question 38

specific impairment in reading in someone with adequate vision & adequate skills in other academic areas

Answer 38

dyslexia

Question 39

people with dyslexia are more likely to have _______ cortex

Answer 39

bilaterally symmetrical cerebral

Question 40

_____ dyslexics have trouble sounding out words & try to remember each word as a whole

Answer 40

dysphonetic

Question 41

_____ dyslexics sounds out words okay, but fail to recognize a word as a whole [particular trouble with irregularly spelled words]

Answer 41

dyseidetic

Question 42

the view that everything that exists is physical or material

Answer 42

materialism

Question 43

the view that only the mind really exists and that the physical world could not exist unless some mind were aware of it

Answer 43

mentalism

Question 44

the view that mental processes & certain kinds of brain processes are the same thing, described in different terms [neuropsychology view]

Answer 44

identity position

Question 45

operational definition of consciousness

Answer 45

if person reports presence of one stimulus but no the second stimulus, then this person was conscious of the first but not the second

Question 46

brief visual stimulus preceded & followed by longer interfering stimuli

Answer 46

masking

Question 47

brief visual stimulus followed by interfereing stimuli

Answer 47

backward masking

Question 48

consciousness is almost synonymous with ______

Answer 48

brain activity

Question 49

slow & gradual shifts in perception from one eye to the other [shift in perception is accompanied by shift in pattern of activity in brain]

Answer 49

binocular rivalry

Question 50

stimulus activates enough neurons to a sufficient extent, activity extends over much of the brain if stimulus fails, the pattern will fade

Answer 50

consciousness is a threshold phenomenon

Question 51

see a dot in one position, alternating with a similar dot nearby, it seems the dot is moving back and forth

Answer 51

phi phenomenon

Question 52

_____ attention = reaction to stimulus

Answer 52

bottom-up

Question 53

_____ attention = intentional & controlled

Answer 53

top-down

Question 54

tendency for many people with damage to parts of the right hemisphere ignore the left side of the body or the left side of objects [problem is attention not sensation]

Answer 54

spatial neglect

Question 55

spatial neglect is associated with damage to the ______

Answer 55

right parietal cortex