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Physiological Psychology Psy 315 > Ch14-Cognitive Functions > Flashcards

Ch14-Cognitive Functions Flashcards

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1
Q

____ of cerebral cortex is connected to skin receptors and muscles mainly on right side of body, while _____ is connected to skin receptors and muscles mainly on left side of body [exceptions are trunk & facial muscles]

A

left hemisphere; right hemisphere

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2
Q

taste and smell send information to the _____ side of brain

A

ipsilateral

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3
Q

set of axons through which left & right hemispheres exchange info [also exchange through anterior commisure, hippocampal commisure]

A

corpus callosum

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4
Q

2 hemispheres are not mirror images; division of labor between the 2 hemispheres

A

lateralization

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5
Q

what is visible at any moment

A

visual field

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6
Q

light from right half of visual field shines onto left half of both retinas; left half of each retina connects to ____ hemisphere, sees right visual field

A

left

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7
Q

light from left half of visual field shines onto right half of both retinas; right half of each retina connects to ___ hemisphere, sees left visual field

A

right

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8
Q

each ear sends information to ____ sides of brain; in order to localize sound

A

both

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9
Q

damage to corpus callosum

A

prevents 2 hemispheres from sending info to each other

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10
Q

corpus callosum is sometimes severed to treat severe ____

A

epilepsy

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11
Q

condition characterized by repeated episodes of excessive synchronized neural activity

A

epilepsy

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12
Q

block sodium flow across the membrane or enhance effects of GABA

A

antiepileptic drugs

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13
Q

people who have undergone surgery to corpus callosum
[maintain intellect & motivation, walk normally, use 2 hands together on familiar tasks; struggle with less familiar tasks & can use hands independently]

A

split-brain people

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14
Q

Roger Sperry’s studies:

  • two halves of the brain had different info and could not communicate with each other
  • when shown info in left visual field, individual could not name it, but could point to object with ______
A

left hand

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15
Q

after severing corpus callosum, the brain learns to use smaller connections called _____ between hemispheres

A

commissures

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16
Q

right hemisphere appears to be better than left at comprehending _____ relationships

A

spatial

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17
Q

left hemisphere focuses more on ____ & right hemisphere more on overall ______

A

details; overall

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18
Q

larger in the left hemisphere for 65% of people

A

planum temporale

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19
Q

children with larger ratio of left to right planum temporale perform best on _____ tests; children with nearly equal hemispheres were better on certain _____ tasks

A

language; nonverbal

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20
Q

connects anterior parts of cerebral cortex

A

anterior commisure

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21
Q

connects left & right hippocampi

A

hippocampal commisure

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22
Q

hemispheres are ____ for different functions

A

specialized

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23
Q

both hemispheres are used for all, but the _____ tasks

A

simplest

24
Q

human language stands out from other forms of communication due to its ______ [the ability to produce new signals to represent new ideas]

A

productivity

25
Q

_____ have social order that resembles humans in several regards [possibly have more language potential than common chimps]

A

Bonobos

26
Q

human language evolved from precursors present in other _____

A

species

27
Q

2 theories of evolution of language

A
  • by-product of overall brain development

- brain specialization

28
Q

Chomsky & Pinker proposed that humans have a _______ [brain specialization]

A

language acquisition device

29
Q

problems with “language is accidental by-product” view

A
  • not all people with full-sized brains have normal language

- Williams Syndrome individuals speak well

30
Q

individuals will learn language better if they learn it at ______

A

an early age

31
Q

mutation in FOXP2 gene can affect language abilities because this gene controls ________

A

mechanisms of jaw & throat that are important for speech

32
Q

a language impairment is called _____

A

aphasia

33
Q

brain damage that results in impaired language production

  • comprehension deficits
  • slow & awkward with all forms of expression
  • when speaking: omit most pronouns, prepositions, conjunctions etc [due to having trouble understanding these words]
A

broca’s aphasia

34
Q

language comprehension of individuals with Broca’s aphasia resembles someone who is ______

A

highly distracted

35
Q

characterized by poor language comprehension & impaired ability to remember the names of objects, but speak fluently

A

Wernicke’s aphasia

36
Q

difficulty recalling names of objects

A

anomia

37
Q

parallels suggest music and language arose _____

A

together

38
Q

specific impairment in reading in someone with adequate vision & adequate skills in other academic areas

A

dyslexia

39
Q

people with dyslexia are more likely to have _______ cortex

A

bilaterally symmetrical cerebral

40
Q

_____ dyslexics have trouble sounding out words & try to remember each word as a whole

A

dysphonetic

41
Q

_____ dyslexics sounds out words okay, but fail to recognize a word as a whole [particular trouble with irregularly spelled words]

A

dyseidetic

42
Q

the view that everything that exists is physical or material

A

materialism

43
Q

the view that only the mind really exists and that the physical world could not exist unless some mind were aware of it

A

mentalism

44
Q

the view that mental processes & certain kinds of brain processes are the same thing, described in different terms [neuropsychology view]

A

identity position

45
Q

operational definition of consciousness

A

if person reports presence of one stimulus but no the second stimulus, then this person was conscious of the first but not the second

46
Q

brief visual stimulus preceded & followed by longer interfering stimuli

A

masking

47
Q

brief visual stimulus followed by interfereing stimuli

A

backward masking

48
Q

consciousness is almost synonymous with ______

A

brain activity

49
Q

slow & gradual shifts in perception from one eye to the other [shift in perception is accompanied by shift in pattern of activity in brain]

A

binocular rivalry

50
Q

stimulus activates enough neurons to a sufficient extent, activity extends over much of the brain
if stimulus fails, the pattern will fade

A

consciousness is a threshold phenomenon

51
Q

see a dot in one position, alternating with a similar dot nearby, it seems the dot is moving back and forth

A

phi phenomenon

52
Q

_____ attention = reaction to stimulus

A

bottom-up

53
Q

_____ attention = intentional & controlled

A

top-down

54
Q

tendency for many people with damage to parts of the right hemisphere ignore the left side of the body or the left side of objects [problem is attention not sensation]

A

spatial neglect

55
Q

spatial neglect is associated with damage to the ______

A

right parietal cortex

Physiological Psychology Psy 315 (15 decks)

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