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Physiological Psychology Psy 315 > Ch12-Emotional Behaviors > Flashcards

Ch12-Emotional Behaviors Flashcards

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1
Q

emotion is typically defined in terms of what 3 components?

A

cognitions, feelings, actions

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2
Q

emotions lead to arousal in the _______ branch and the _______ branch of the autonomic nervous system

A

sympathetic; parasympathetic

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3
Q

theory that states autonomic arousal & skeletal actions come first

A

James-Lange theory

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4
Q

order of emotion as defined by James-Lange theory

A

event -> appraisal (cognition) -> action -> emotional feeling

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5
Q

two predictions of James-Lange theory

A

1) people with weak autonomic or skeletal responses should feel less emotion
2) causing or increasing someone’s responses should enhance an emotion (ex: happier when smiling)

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6
Q

theory that states subjective experience of emotion & the associated body reactions are independent processes

A

Cannon-Bard theory

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7
Q

theory that states the cognitive interpretation [appraisal] of a body reaction drives the subjective experience of emotion [interpretation of arousal determines subjective emotion]

A

Two-Factor theory

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8
Q

output from the autonomic nervous system to the body fails completely or almost completely
[report same emotions, but feel them less intensely]

A

pure autonomic failure

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9
Q

marked by extreme sympathetic nervous system arousal

A

panic attack

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10
Q

syndrome characterized by people being unable to move their facial muscles to make a smile, but they still experience happiness

A

Mobius syndrome

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11
Q

forebrain areas surrounding the thalamus; regarded as critical for emotion

A

limbic system

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12
Q

the only emotion for which brain evidence suggests brain localization is ______

A

disgust

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13
Q

______ cortex is strongly activated if you see a disgusting picture or facial expression of someone feeling disgusted

A

insula [primary taste cortex]

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14
Q

activity of the left hemisphere [frontal & temporal lobes] marked by low to moderate autonomic arousal & a tendency to approach [happiness or anger]

A

behavioral activation system [BAS]

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15
Q

increased activity of right hemisphere [frontal & temporal lobes] that increases attention & arousal, inhibits action, & stimulates emotions such as fear & disgust [withdrawal behaviors]

A

behavioral inhibition system [BIS]

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16
Q

differences between hemispheres relates to personality:

  • people with greater activity in frontal cortex of left hemisphere are ________
  • people with greater activity in right hemisphere are _______
A
  • happier and more outgoing;

- socially withdrawn, less satisfied with life, and prone to unpleasant emotions

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17
Q

right hemisphere appears to be more responsive to _________ than the left

A

emotional stimuli

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18
Q

damage to right temporal cortex leads to _______

A

trouble identifying emotional expressions

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19
Q

patients had one hemisphere at a time anesthetized; this is called the _____ procedure

A

Wada procedure

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20
Q

emotions are useful for ______

A

adaptive values [escape; attack]
quick decisions [gut feeling]
moral decisions

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21
Q

damage to prefrontal cortex leads to ______

A

failure to anticipate unpleasant outcomes; make impulsive decisions

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22
Q

case of Phineas Gage

A

iron rod through prefrontal cortex; behavior became impulsive, made poor decisions

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23
Q

Damasio’s patient with prefrontal cortex damage expressed almost no ______

A

emotion

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24
Q

example of vigorous emotional behaviors we observe in animals that falls into categories of attack & escape

A

cat & mouse play

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25
Q

_____ behaviors are associated within the corticomedial area of the amygdala

A

attack

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26
Q

likely environmental factors underlying violence:

A

exposure to lead
witness or victim of violence in childhood
living in violent neighborhood

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27
Q

violence is particularly enhanced in people with both a ______ predisposition and troubled early ______

A

genetic; environment

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28
Q

effect of ______ gene apparently interacts with childhood experience

A

MAOA [monoamine oxidase A]

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29
Q

evidence links aggressive behavior to high levels of ______ and low _______ release

A

testosterone; serotonin

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30
Q

Valzelli found that isolating male mice for 4 weeks increased their ______ behavior & decreased their serotonin ______

A

aggressive; turnover

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31
Q

the amount that neurons release & replace

A

turnover

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32
Q

low serotonin turnover in humans leads to:

A

violent behavior, suicide attempts by violent means

33
Q

can alter serotonin synthesis by changes in _____ [ex: serotonin is synthesized from tryptophan]

A

diet

34
Q

people with aggressive or suicidal tendencies should reduce consumption of ______ & ______

A

aspartame; maize

35
Q

hypothesis of serotonin’s involvement in aggression: high levels of serotonin ____ a variety of impulses; low levels remove ______

A

inhibit; inhibitions

36
Q

one main area for regulating anxiety

A

amygdala

37
Q

response to an unexpected loud noise [current mood effects: anxiety can increase]

A

startle reflex

38
Q

output from amygdala to hypothalamus controls _______ ____ responses

A

autonomic fear

39
Q

axons to areas of prefrontal cortex - control ____ & ____ behaviors

A

approach; avoidance

40
Q

additional axons extend to areas in midbrain that relay information to the pons to control ________

A

startle reflex

41
Q

Damage to amygdala does what?

A

impairs learning of new fear responses & fear responses previously learned

42
Q

parasite picked up in rats & migrates to brain [damaging amygdala]; protozoan infects many mammals but only reproduces in cats

A

toxoplasma gondi

43
Q

effect of amygdala damage in monkeys & described in early 1900s; monkeys are characterized as timid & placid, display less than normal fear, decreased ability to interpret threat gestures

A

kluver-bucy syndrome

44
Q

amygdala responds strongly when facial expressions are _________

A

ambiguous or difficult to interpret

45
Q

people’s tendency toward anxiety generally remains ______ over time

A

fairly consistent

46
Q

people with amygdala damage continue to experience the _____ aspect of unpleasant emotions but no the ____ part

A

cognitive; feeling

47
Q

rare genetic disorder where calcium builds up & destroys amygdala

A

urbach-wiethe disease

48
Q

people with amygdala damage have trouble identifying facial expressions of fear because these people tend to focus on the _____ & _____ instead of the _____

A

nose/mouth; eyes

49
Q

anxiety is increased by transmitters ____ & ____ in amygdala or hippocampus

A

orexin; CCK

50
Q

main inhibitory transmitter that decreases anxiety

A

GABA

51
Q

______ decrease anxiety by binding to the GABA receptor & facilitating the effects of GABA

A

Benzodiazepines

52
Q

_____ has behavioral effects similar to those of benzodiazepines

A

ethyl alcohol

53
Q

it is easier to extinguish a learned response ______ after original learning [learning becomes consolidated after time has passed]

A

immediately

54
Q

drug that interferes with protein synthesis at certain synapses in the amygdala

A

propanolol

55
Q

____ define stress as nonspecific response of the body to any demand made upon it

A

Selye

56
Q

a generalized response to stress consisting of alarm, resistance, & exhaustion

A

generalized adaptation syndrome

57
Q

first part of generalized adaptation syndrome characterized by increased activity of sympathetic nervous system, readying body for brief emergency activity [fight or flight]

A

alarm

58
Q

second part of generalized adaptation syndrome: as sympathetic response declines, adrenal cortex secretes cortisol & other hormones that enable the body to maintain prolonged alertness, fight infections, & heal wounds [parasympathetic increases]

A

resistance

59
Q

third part of generalized adaptation syndrome: individual is tired, inactive, & vulnerable because nervous system & immune systems no longer have the energy to sustain their heightened responses [energy decreases]

A

exhaustion

60
Q

______ defined stress as events that are interpreted as threatening to the individual & which elicit physiological & behavioral responses

A

McEwen

61
Q

Stress activates which 2 body systems

A

sympathetic nervous system [fight or flight]

HPA axis [hypothalamus, pituitary gland, & adrenal cortex]

62
Q

HPA becomes ____ response to prolonged stressors

A

dominant

63
Q

HPA; anterior pituitary gland secretes ______ which enhances metabolic activity & elevates blood levels of sugar & other nutrients

A

cortisol

64
Q

consists of cells that protect body against viruses, bacteria, & other intruders

A

immune system

65
Q

when immune system attacks normal cells

A

autoimmune disease

66
Q

white blood cells, most important element of immune system

A

leukocytes

67
Q

mature mostly in bone marrow & secrete antibodies [leukocyte]

A

B cells

68
Q

y-shaped proteins that attach to particular kinds of antigens [leukocyte]

A

antibodies

69
Q

surface proteins that are antibody generator molecules; unique like fingerprints [leukocyte]
B cells recognize “self” antigens but attack cell when they find an unfamiliar antigen

A

antigens

70
Q

mature in thymus gland, attack intruders directly & some help other T cells or B cells to multiply [leukocyte]

A

T cells

71
Q

attack tumor cells & cells that are infected with viruses [leukocyte]

A

natural killer cells

72
Q

small proteins produced by leukocytes & other cells in response to infection; combat infections & also communicate with the brain to elicit appropriate behaviors [lack of energy, fever, sleepiness]

A

cytokines

73
Q

additional chemicals produced by immune system that promotes sleepiness

A

prostaglandins

74
Q

study of relationship between nervous system & the immune system

A

psychoneuroimmunology

75
Q

stress affects immune system by:

A

causing nervous system to activate immune system;

elevate cytokine levels to help combat infections but also trigger symptoms of illness

76
Q

prolonged increase of cortisol directs energy toward increasing metabolism & therefore detracts energy from synthesizing proteins

A

prolonged stress response

77
Q

prolonged stress can also harm the ______ by increasing metabolic activity therefore allowing cells to become vulnerable to toxins or overstimulation

A

hippocampus

78
Q

amygdala is essential for the extreme emotional impact that produces ________; victims have smaller than average hippocampus & lower than normal cortisol levels

A

PTSD

Physiological Psychology Psy 315 (15 decks)

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