Ch12-Emotional Behaviors

Question 1

emotion is typically defined in terms of what 3 components?

Answer 1

cognitions, feelings, actions

Question 2

emotions lead to arousal in the _______ branch and the _______ branch of the autonomic nervous system

Answer 2

sympathetic; parasympathetic

Question 3

theory that states autonomic arousal & skeletal actions come first

Answer 3

James-Lange theory

Question 4

order of emotion as defined by James-Lange theory

Answer 4

event -> appraisal (cognition) -> action -> emotional feeling

Question 5

two predictions of James-Lange theory

Answer 5

1) people with weak autonomic or skeletal responses should feel less emotion
2) causing or increasing someone’s responses should enhance an emotion (ex: happier when smiling)

Question 6

theory that states subjective experience of emotion & the associated body reactions are independent processes

Answer 6

Cannon-Bard theory

Question 7

theory that states the cognitive interpretation [appraisal] of a body reaction drives the subjective experience of emotion [interpretation of arousal determines subjective emotion]

Answer 7

Two-Factor theory

Question 8

output from the autonomic nervous system to the body fails completely or almost completely
[report same emotions, but feel them less intensely]

Answer 8

pure autonomic failure

Question 9

marked by extreme sympathetic nervous system arousal

Answer 9

panic attack

Question 10

syndrome characterized by people being unable to move their facial muscles to make a smile, but they still experience happiness

Answer 10

Mobius syndrome

Question 11

forebrain areas surrounding the thalamus; regarded as critical for emotion

Answer 11

limbic system

Question 12

the only emotion for which brain evidence suggests brain localization is ______

Answer 12

disgust

Question 13

______ cortex is strongly activated if you see a disgusting picture or facial expression of someone feeling disgusted

Answer 13

insula [primary taste cortex]

Question 14

activity of the left hemisphere [frontal & temporal lobes] marked by low to moderate autonomic arousal & a tendency to approach [happiness or anger]

Answer 14

behavioral activation system [BAS]

Question 15

increased activity of right hemisphere [frontal & temporal lobes] that increases attention & arousal, inhibits action, & stimulates emotions such as fear & disgust [withdrawal behaviors]

Answer 15

behavioral inhibition system [BIS]

Question 16

differences between hemispheres relates to personality:

• people with greater activity in frontal cortex of left hemisphere are ________
• people with greater activity in right hemisphere are _______

Answer 16

• happier and more outgoing;

- socially withdrawn, less satisfied with life, and prone to unpleasant emotions

Question 17

right hemisphere appears to be more responsive to _________ than the left

Answer 17

emotional stimuli

Question 18

damage to right temporal cortex leads to _______

Answer 18

trouble identifying emotional expressions

Question 19

patients had one hemisphere at a time anesthetized; this is called the _____ procedure

Answer 19

Wada procedure

Question 20

emotions are useful for ______

Answer 20

adaptive values [escape; attack]
quick decisions [gut feeling]
moral decisions

Question 21

damage to prefrontal cortex leads to ______

Answer 21

failure to anticipate unpleasant outcomes; make impulsive decisions

Question 22

case of Phineas Gage

Answer 22

iron rod through prefrontal cortex; behavior became impulsive, made poor decisions

Question 23

Damasio’s patient with prefrontal cortex damage expressed almost no ______

Answer 23

emotion

Question 24

example of vigorous emotional behaviors we observe in animals that falls into categories of attack & escape

Answer 24

cat & mouse play

Question 25

_____ behaviors are associated within the corticomedial area of the amygdala

Answer 25

attack

Question 26

likely environmental factors underlying violence:

Answer 26

exposure to lead witness or victim of violence in childhood living in violent neighborhood

Question 27

violence is particularly enhanced in people with both a ______ predisposition and troubled early ______

Answer 27

genetic; environment

Question 28

effect of ______ gene apparently interacts with childhood experience

Answer 28

MAOA [monoamine oxidase A]

Question 29

evidence links aggressive behavior to high levels of ______ and low _______ release

Answer 29

testosterone; serotonin

Question 30

Valzelli found that isolating male mice for 4 weeks increased their ______ behavior & decreased their serotonin ______

Answer 30

aggressive; turnover

Question 31

the amount that neurons release & replace

Answer 31

turnover

Question 32

low serotonin turnover in humans leads to:

Answer 32

violent behavior, suicide attempts by violent means

Question 33

can alter serotonin synthesis by changes in _____ [ex: serotonin is synthesized from tryptophan]

Answer 33

diet

Question 34

people with aggressive or suicidal tendencies should reduce consumption of ______ & ______

Answer 34

aspartame; maize

Question 35

hypothesis of serotonin's involvement in aggression: high levels of serotonin ____ a variety of impulses; low levels remove ______

Answer 35

inhibit; inhibitions

Question 36

one main area for regulating anxiety

Answer 36

amygdala

Question 37

response to an unexpected loud noise [current mood effects: anxiety can increase]

Answer 37

startle reflex

Question 38

output from amygdala to hypothalamus controls _______ ____ responses

Answer 38

autonomic fear

Question 39

axons to areas of prefrontal cortex - control ____ & ____ behaviors

Answer 39

approach; avoidance

Question 40

additional axons extend to areas in midbrain that relay information to the pons to control ________

Answer 40

startle reflex

Question 41

Damage to amygdala does what?

Answer 41

impairs learning of new fear responses & fear responses previously learned

Question 42

parasite picked up in rats & migrates to brain [damaging amygdala]; protozoan infects many mammals but only reproduces in cats

Answer 42

toxoplasma gondi

Question 43

effect of amygdala damage in monkeys & described in early 1900s; monkeys are characterized as timid & placid, display less than normal fear, decreased ability to interpret threat gestures

Answer 43

kluver-bucy syndrome

Question 44

amygdala responds strongly when facial expressions are _________

Answer 44

ambiguous or difficult to interpret

Question 45

people's tendency toward anxiety generally remains ______ over time

Answer 45

fairly consistent

Question 46

people with amygdala damage continue to experience the _____ aspect of unpleasant emotions but no the ____ part

Answer 46

cognitive; feeling

Question 47

rare genetic disorder where calcium builds up & destroys amygdala

Answer 47

urbach-wiethe disease

Question 48

people with amygdala damage have trouble identifying facial expressions of fear because these people tend to focus on the _____ & _____ instead of the _____

Answer 48

nose/mouth; eyes

Question 49

anxiety is increased by transmitters ____ & ____ in amygdala or hippocampus

Answer 49

orexin; CCK

Question 50

main inhibitory transmitter that decreases anxiety

Answer 50

GABA

Question 51

______ decrease anxiety by binding to the GABA receptor & facilitating the effects of GABA

Answer 51

Benzodiazepines

Question 52

_____ has behavioral effects similar to those of benzodiazepines

Answer 52

ethyl alcohol

Question 53

it is easier to extinguish a learned response ______ after original learning [learning becomes consolidated after time has passed]

Answer 53

immediately

Question 54

drug that interferes with protein synthesis at certain synapses in the amygdala

Answer 54

propanolol

Question 55

____ define stress as nonspecific response of the body to any demand made upon it

Answer 55

Selye

Question 56

a generalized response to stress consisting of alarm, resistance, & exhaustion

Answer 56

generalized adaptation syndrome

Question 57

first part of generalized adaptation syndrome characterized by increased activity of sympathetic nervous system, readying body for brief emergency activity [fight or flight]

Answer 57

alarm

Question 58

second part of generalized adaptation syndrome: as sympathetic response declines, adrenal cortex secretes cortisol & other hormones that enable the body to maintain prolonged alertness, fight infections, & heal wounds [parasympathetic increases]

Answer 58

resistance

Question 59

third part of generalized adaptation syndrome: individual is tired, inactive, & vulnerable because nervous system & immune systems no longer have the energy to sustain their heightened responses [energy decreases]

Answer 59

exhaustion

Question 60

______ defined stress as events that are interpreted as threatening to the individual & which elicit physiological & behavioral responses

Answer 60

McEwen

Question 61

Stress activates which 2 body systems

Answer 61

sympathetic nervous system [fight or flight] | HPA axis [hypothalamus, pituitary gland, & adrenal cortex]

Question 62

HPA becomes ____ response to prolonged stressors

Answer 62

dominant

Question 63

HPA; anterior pituitary gland secretes ______ which enhances metabolic activity & elevates blood levels of sugar & other nutrients

Answer 63

cortisol

Question 64

consists of cells that protect body against viruses, bacteria, & other intruders

Answer 64

immune system

Question 65

when immune system attacks normal cells

Answer 65

autoimmune disease

Question 66

white blood cells, most important element of immune system

Answer 66

leukocytes

Question 67

mature mostly in bone marrow & secrete antibodies [leukocyte]

Answer 67

B cells

Question 68

y-shaped proteins that attach to particular kinds of antigens [leukocyte]

Answer 68

antibodies

Question 69

surface proteins that are antibody generator molecules; unique like fingerprints [leukocyte] B cells recognize "self" antigens but attack cell when they find an unfamiliar antigen

Answer 69

antigens

Question 70

mature in thymus gland, attack intruders directly & some help other T cells or B cells to multiply [leukocyte]

Answer 70

T cells

Question 71

attack tumor cells & cells that are infected with viruses [leukocyte]

Answer 71

natural killer cells

Question 72

small proteins produced by leukocytes & other cells in response to infection; combat infections & also communicate with the brain to elicit appropriate behaviors [lack of energy, fever, sleepiness]

Answer 72

cytokines

Question 73

additional chemicals produced by immune system that promotes sleepiness

Answer 73

prostaglandins

Question 74

study of relationship between nervous system & the immune system

Answer 74

psychoneuroimmunology

Question 75

stress affects immune system by:

Answer 75

causing nervous system to activate immune system; | elevate cytokine levels to help combat infections but also trigger symptoms of illness

Question 76

prolonged increase of cortisol directs energy toward increasing metabolism & therefore detracts energy from synthesizing proteins

Answer 76

prolonged stress response

Question 77

prolonged stress can also harm the ______ by increasing metabolic activity therefore allowing cells to become vulnerable to toxins or overstimulation

Answer 77

hippocampus

Question 78

amygdala is essential for the extreme emotional impact that produces ________; victims have smaller than average hippocampus & lower than normal cortisol levels

Answer 78

PTSD