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Physiological Psychology Psy 315 > Ch6-Vision > Flashcards

Ch6-Vision Flashcards

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1
Q

information is stored in terms of responses by neurons based on….

A
  • which neurons respond
  • their amount of response
  • timing of their responses
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2
Q

whatever excites a particular nerve establishes a special kind of energy unique to that nerve

A

law of specific nerve energies (influences what we perceive)

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3
Q

Every stimulation of the optic nerve is perceived as light. This statement is an example of….

A

law of specific nerve energies

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4
Q

center of the iris, where light enters

A

pupil

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5
Q

rear surface of the eye, lined with receptors

A

retina

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6
Q

located closer to center of the eye, receive messages from receptors at back of the eye (retina)

A

bipolar cells

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7
Q

located still closer to center of eye, receive messages from bipolar cells

A

ganglion cells

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8
Q

additional cells that get info from bipolar cells & send it to other bipolar cells, other amacrine cells, and ganglion cells

A

amacrine cells

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9
Q

consists of ganglion cell axons, exits through the back of the eye and travels to brain

A

optic nerve

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10
Q

has no receptors, where optic nerve leaves the back of the eye

A

blind spot

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11
Q

why do we not notice our blind spot?

A

compensation between eyes

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12
Q

in the retina, messages go from the back of the eye to _____

A

bipolar cells, then to ganglion cells, then exits through the optic nerve

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13
Q

tiny area specialized for acute, detailed vision [packed tight with receptors]

A

fovea

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14
Q

each receptor in ____ connects to a single bipolar cell, which in turn connects to a single ganglion cell, which has an axon to the brain

A

fovea

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15
Q

ganglion cells in fovea of humans and primates

A

midget ganglion cells

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16
Q

less detailed vision, allows for greater perception of much fainter light

A

peripheral vision

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17
Q

abundant in periphery of retina, respond to faint light, not useful in bright light

A

rods (useful for night vision)

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18
Q

abundant in & near fovea, less active in dim light, more useful in bright light, & essential for color vision

A

cones (useful for color vision)

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19
Q

ratio of rods to cones in humans

A

cones are 1/20 as abundant as rods

cones provide 90% of brains input

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20
Q

number of axons in optic nerve

A

average is 1 million

some have 2 to 3 times more; ex) tennis players show faster brain response to stimuli

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21
Q

chemicals in both rods & cones that release energy when struck by light

A

photo-pigments

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22
Q

we perceive color through relative rates of response by 3 kinds of cones, each kind maximally sensitive to a different set of wavelengths [short, medium, and long wavelengths]

A

Trichromatic (Young-Helmholtz) Theory

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23
Q

perceive color in terms of opposites-the brain has a mechanism that perceives color on a continuum
Red to Green
Yellow to Blue
White to Black

A

Opponent-Process Theory

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24
Q

afterimages occur due to ____

A

rebound effect from wavelengths being saturation while some are inhibited

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25
Q

cortex compares info from various parts of the retina to determine the brightness & color for each area [includes color constancy]

A

Retinex Theory

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26
Q

ability to recognize colors despite changes in lighting

A

color constancy

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27
Q

perceive differences in brightness when there are none - perception of brightness of an object requires comparing it with other objects

A

brightness constancy

28
Q

some people lack 1 or 2 of the 3 types of cones; some people have 2 kinds of cones, but 1 is abnormal

A

color vision deficiency

[red-green most common]

29
Q

optic nerves from the 2 eyes meet at the _____

A

optic chiasm

30
Q

most ganglion axons go to the optic nerve then the optic chiasm then the _____ [part of the thalamus]; special for visual perception, sends to thalamus & occipital cortex

A

lateral geniculate nucleus

31
Q

reduction of activity in one neuron by activity in neighboring neurons; heightens contrast to emphasize borders of objects

A

lateral inhibition

32
Q

part of the visual field that excites or inhibits it [what excites the cell in the outside world]; point in space from which light strikes the cell

A

receptive field

33
Q

3 categories of ganglion cells in primates

A

parvocellular neurons
magnocellular neurons
koniocellular neurons

34
Q

small cell bodies & small receptive fields - located mostly in or near fovea [highly sensitive to color & visual detail]

A

parvocellular neurons

35
Q

larger cell bodies & receptive fields & are distributed evenly throughout retina [highly sensitive to overall patterns & moving stimuli]

A

magnocellular neurons

36
Q

small cell bodies, but occur throughout the retina [have several functions & axons terminate in many different places]

A

koniocellular neurons

37
Q

cortical area where conscious visual perception occurs

A

V1

38
Q

responsible for first stage of visual processing; located in occipital cortex

A

primary visual cortex = V1 = striate cortex

39
Q

people with damage to area V1; people respond to visual info that they report not seeing

A

blindsight

40
Q

Hubel & Wiesel recorded from cells in brains of cats & monkeys and distinguished which types of cells in visual cortex?

A

simple, complex, & end-stopped (hypercomplex) cells

41
Q

has receptive field with fixed excitatory & inhibitory zones; most have bar-shaped or edge-shaped receptive fields

A

simple cells

42
Q

responds to pattern of light in a particular orientation anywhere within its large receptive field [sensitive to diagonal bars, esp. when moving]; located in v1 & v2, does not respond to exact location of stimuli

A

complex cells

43
Q

resembles complex cell, but has a strong inhibitory area at one end of its bar-shaped receptive field [responds provided the object does not cross a certain point in the visual field]

A

end-stopped (hypercomplex) cells

44
Q

neuron that indicates the presence of a particular feature [prolonged exposure to a given visual feature decreases sensitivity to that feature]

A

feature detector

45
Q

most neurons in visual cortex receive ______; input from both eyes

A

binocular input

46
Q

if each eye is alternately covered during the first few weeks of life, would the visual cortex still receive binocular input

A

no, most cortical neurons would respond to stimuli in each eye separately, not at the same time

47
Q

what happens if both eyes are kept shut for the first few weeks of life?

A

synapses are inhibited

48
Q

time period when experiences have particularly strong & enduring influence

A

sensitive period

49
Q

comparison of slightly different inputs from both eyes allows you to achieve _______

A

stereoscopic depth perception

50
Q

stereoscopic depth perception requires the brain to detect _______; the discrepancy between what the left & right eyes see

A

retinal disparity

51
Q

eyes do not point in same direction, both eyes are active, but no cortical neuron consistently receives messages from one eye that match the other eye

A

strabismus (lazy eye)

52
Q

about 70% of infants have _______, blurring of vision for lines in one direction [caused by asymmetric curvature of eye]

A

astigmatism

53
Q

if we compare receptive fields of two simple cells in primary visual cortex, how are they most likely to differ?

A

orientation of line that they respond to

54
Q

receives info from primary visual cortex (v1), processes it further, & transmits it to additional areas

A

secondary visual cortex (V2)

55
Q

visual pathway in parietal cortex; the “where” pathway - helps motor system locate objects [find objects & move towards them

A

dorsal stream

56
Q

what is damaged if people can tell what things are but not where they are

A

dorsal stream

57
Q

collection of visual paths in temporal cortex; the “what” pathway - identifying & recognizing objects

A

ventral stream

58
Q

what is damaged if people cannot describe what they are seeing

A

ventral stream

59
Q

as visual info goes from simple cells to complex cells to other brain areas, the receptive fields become more _____

A

specialized

60
Q

cells in _____ respond to identifiable objects; respond to what viewer perceived, not physical stimulus

A

inferior temporal cortex

61
Q

inability to recognize objects despite otherwise satisfactory vision, results from damage in temporal cortex

A

visual agnosia

62
Q

area that responds strongly to faces, much more than anything else [located in inferior temporal cortex]

A

fusiform gyrus

63
Q

inability to recognize faces, can distinguish gender & age but not recognize individual; occurs from damage to fusiform gyrus

A

prosopagnosia

64
Q

people with motion blindness have probably suffered damage to the

A

middle-temporal cortex [area v5]

65
Q

able to see objects but impaired at seeing whether they are moving or, if so, which direction & how fast

A

motion blindness

66
Q

decrease activity during voluntary eye movements

A

saccades

67
Q

some people are blind except for ability to detect which direction something is moving, which area is this due to

A

middle-temporal cortex and lateral geniculate nucleus

Physiological Psychology Psy 315 (15 decks)

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