Ch.9: Life Span Development Flashcards
The study of age- related changes in behavior, mental processes, and stages of growth from conception to death
Developmental psychology
The continuing influence of hereditary throughout heredity throughout development: age related physical and behavioral changes characteristic of a species
Maturation
A time of special sensitivity to specific types of learning which shapes the capacity for future development
Critical period
An inherited primitive form of rapid learning in which some infant animals follow and form an attachment to the first moving object they see or hear
Imprinting (konrad Lorennz, baby geese)
Discrete and qualitatively different from one another
Stages
Gradual but steady and quantitative changes
Continuous pattern
emphaze that measurments of personality in childhood are important predictors of adult personality
Stability
A research technique that measures individuals of various ages at one point in time and provides information about age difference
Cross-sectional design
A research design that measures a single individual or group of individuals over an extended period and gives information about age changes.
Longitudinal design
differences that result from specific histories of the age group studied
cohorts effect
different age groups
cohorts
The three stages of prenatal development are?
Germinal period
Embryonic period
Fetal period
From conception to implantation
Germinal period
From implantation to 8 weeks
Embryonic period
From 8 weeks to birth
Fetal period
An environmental agents that causes damages during the prenatal development
Teratogen
A combination of birth defects, including organ deformities, and mental, motor, and ratardation, that results from maternal alcohol consumption
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome
The three key areas of change in earl childhood are
Brain development
Motor Development
Sensory and Perceptual development
The biological changes during adolescence that lead to an adult sized body and sexual maturity
Puberty
Maturation and hormone secretion cause rapid development of the ovaries,uterus, and vagina and the onset of
menstruation (menarche)
Male, the testes, scrotum and penis development, expects his first ejaculation
Spermache
Primary sex characteristics are
Testes and ovaries
Secondary sex characteristics are
Growth of pubic hair, deepening of voice, facial hair
Growth of breast
The cessation of menstrual cycle (woman)
menopause
Physical changes such as unexpected weight gain, graying of hair, decrease in libido (men)
Andropause,(male climacteric)
Prejudices or discrimination based on physical age
Ageism
_______ provided some of the first great demonstrations oh how children develop thinking and reasoning abilities, begins at “primitive” level. KNOWN for STAGES OF COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT
Jean Piaget
The cognitive structures, framework, or blueprints of knowledge, regarding objects, people, and situations which grow and differentiate with experience
Schema
Applying existing mental patterns(schema) to new informations: new info is then incorporated into existing schemas
Assimilation
The process of adjusting existing mental patterns (schems) or developing new ones to better fit with new information
Accommodation
_______ stage: Birth to approximately age 2
Schemas are developed through sensory and motor activities
Sensorimotor stage
An infant’s recognition that objects continue to exist even when they cannot be seen, heard, or touched
Object permanence
_______ stage: Roughly ages 2 to 7
Ability to employ significant languageand to think symbolically
Lacks reversibility
Preoperational stage
Inability to consider another’s point of view
Egocentric thinking
Believing all things are living, animated
Animistic thinking
_______ stage: Beginning approximately age 7-11
Child can perform mental operations on concrete objects andunderstand reversibility and conservation, but thinking is tied to concrete, tangible objects and events
Concrete operational stage
Realizes that changes in shape or appearance can be reversed
conservation
_____ stage: Beginning around age 11 and older
Can now apply operations to abstract concepts and hypothetical situations
Formal operational stage
believe the are the center of other’s thoughts and attention
Imaginary audience
adolescents’ belief that they alone have insights or difficulties that no one understands or experiences
Personal fable
_______ emphasized the sociocultural influences on a child’s cognitive development
Lev Vygotsky
Vygotsky’s theory of cognitive development, the area between what children can accomplish on their own and what they can accomplish with the help of other who are more competent
Zone of proximal development (ZPD)
A strong emotional bond with special others that endures over time
Attachment
the pleasurable, tactile sensations provided by a soft and cuddly parent is a powerful contributor to attachment
Contact comfort
Mary Ainsworth’s levels of attachment are
Secure
Anxious/Ambivalent
Anxious/Avoidant
Disorganized/Disoriented
Secure attachment
explores and uses mom as safe base
moderate distress on separation from her
happy when she returns
Anxious/ Ambivalent attachment
very upset when mother leaves
shows mixed emotions when she returns
Anxious/Avoidant attachment
does not seek closeness or contact with mom
shows little to no emotions
Disorganized/ Disoriented
confused and exhibits avoidant and ambivalent attachment
Four types of parenting style
permissive-neglectful
permissive-indulgement
authoritarian
authoritative
” i dont care about you or what you do”
permissive neglectful
“I care about you, and youre free to do what you like”
Permissive indulgement
” i dont care what you want, just do it my way or else!”
Authoritarian
“I really care about you, but there are rules and you need to be responsible”
Authoritative
Kohlberg’s stages of moral development
Preconventional level
conventional leve;
postconventional level
Preconvetional level is based on
rewards and punishment
exchange of favors
Conventionsl level is based on
compliance with the rules
value of society, approval
Postconventional level is based on
personal developments of right and wrong
abstract principles and values that apply to all situations and societies
Erikson’s theory that individuals pass through eight developmental stages, each involving specific crisis that must be succesfully resolved at a particular place in the life span
psychosocial stages
List the eight stages of psychosocial development
trust/mistrust( birth to 1) autonomy/shame and doubt (1-3) initiative/guilt (3-6) industry/inferiority (6-12) identity/confusion(12-20) intimacy/isolation(early adulthood) generativity/stagnation(middle adult hood) ego integrity/despair (senior)
A psychological and sociocultural phenomenon referring to learned, sex-related thoughts, feelings, and actions of men and women
gender
A set of learned, societal expectations for thoughts, feelings, and actions considered “appropriate” for men and women, and expressed publicly by the individual
Gender roles
_________ emphasize the power of the immediate situation and obesrvable behaviors on gender role development by rewards and punishments, and watch and imitate behavior of others
Social-learning theorist
______ argue that children actively observe, interpret and judge the world around them. GENDER SCHEMAS
Cognitive-developmental theorist
Exhibiting both masculine and feminine traits
Androgyny
