Ch.9: Life Span Development

Question 1

The study of age- related changes in behavior, mental processes, and stages of growth from conception to death

Answer 1

Developmental psychology

Question 2

The continuing influence of hereditary throughout heredity throughout development: age related physical and behavioral changes characteristic of a species

Answer 2

Maturation

Question 3

A time of special sensitivity to specific types of learning which shapes the capacity for future development

Answer 3

Critical period

Question 4

An inherited primitive form of rapid learning in which some infant animals follow and form an attachment to the first moving object they see or hear

Answer 4

Imprinting (konrad Lorennz, baby geese)

Question 5

Discrete and qualitatively different from one another

Answer 5

Stages

Question 6

Gradual but steady and quantitative changes

Answer 6

Continuous pattern

Question 7

emphaze that measurments of personality in childhood are important predictors of adult personality

Answer 7

Stability

Question 8

A research technique that measures individuals of various ages at one point in time and provides information about age difference

Answer 8

Cross-sectional design

Question 9

A research design that measures a single individual or group of individuals over an extended period and gives information about age changes.

Answer 9

Longitudinal design

Question 10

differences that result from specific histories of the age group studied

Answer 10

cohorts effect

Question 11

different age groups

Answer 11

cohorts

Question 12

The three stages of prenatal development are?

Answer 12

Germinal period
Embryonic period
Fetal period

Question 13

From conception to implantation

Answer 13

Germinal period

Question 14

From implantation to 8 weeks

Answer 14

Embryonic period

Question 15

From 8 weeks to birth

Answer 15

Fetal period

Question 16

An environmental agents that causes damages during the prenatal development

Answer 16

Teratogen

Question 17

A combination of birth defects, including organ deformities, and mental, motor, and ratardation, that results from maternal alcohol consumption

Answer 17

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome

Question 18

The three key areas of change in earl childhood are

Answer 18

Brain development
Motor Development
Sensory and Perceptual development

Question 19

The biological changes during adolescence that lead to an adult sized body and sexual maturity

Answer 19

Puberty

Question 20

Maturation and hormone secretion cause rapid development of the ovaries,uterus, and vagina and the onset of

Answer 20

menstruation (menarche)

Question 21

Male, the testes, scrotum and penis development, expects his first ejaculation

Answer 21

Spermache

Question 22

Primary sex characteristics are

Answer 22

Testes and ovaries

Question 23

Secondary sex characteristics are

Answer 23

Growth of pubic hair, deepening of voice, facial hair

Growth of breast

Question 24

The cessation of menstrual cycle (woman)

Answer 24

menopause

Question 25

Physical changes such as unexpected weight gain, graying of hair, decrease in libido (men)

Answer 25

Andropause,(male climacteric)

Question 26

Prejudices or discrimination based on physical age

Answer 26

Ageism

Question 27

_______ provided some of the first great demonstrations oh how children develop thinking and reasoning abilities, begins at "primitive" level. KNOWN for STAGES OF COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT

Answer 27

Jean Piaget

Question 28

The cognitive structures, framework, or blueprints of knowledge, regarding objects, people, and situations which grow and differentiate with experience

Answer 28

Schema

Question 29

Applying existing mental patterns(schema) to new informations: new info is then incorporated into existing schemas

Answer 29

Assimilation

Question 30

The process of adjusting existing mental patterns (schems) or developing new ones to better fit with new information

Answer 30

Accommodation

Question 31

_______ stage: Birth to approximately age 2 | Schemas are developed through sensory and motor activities

Answer 31

Sensorimotor stage

Question 32

An infant's recognition that objects continue to exist even when they cannot be seen, heard, or touched

Answer 32

Object permanence

Question 33

_______ stage: Roughly ages 2 to 7 Ability to employ significant languageand to think symbolically Lacks reversibility

Answer 33

Preoperational stage

Question 34

Inability to consider another's point of view

Answer 34

Egocentric thinking

Question 35

Believing all things are living, animated

Answer 35

Animistic thinking

Question 36

_______ stage: Beginning approximately age 7-11 Child can perform mental operations on concrete objects andunderstand reversibility and conservation, but thinking is tied to concrete, tangible objects and events

Answer 36

Concrete operational stage

Question 37

Realizes that changes in shape or appearance can be reversed

Answer 37

conservation

Question 38

_____ stage: Beginning around age 11 and older | Can now apply operations to abstract concepts and hypothetical situations

Answer 38

Formal operational stage

Question 39

believe the are the center of other's thoughts and attention

Answer 39

Imaginary audience

Question 40

adolescents’ belief that they alone have insights or difficulties that no one understands or experiences

Answer 40

Personal fable

Question 41

_______ emphasized the sociocultural influences on a child's cognitive development

Answer 41

Lev Vygotsky

Question 42

Vygotsky's theory of cognitive development, the area between what children can accomplish on their own and what they can accomplish with the help of other who are more competent

Answer 42

Zone of proximal development (ZPD)

Question 43

A strong emotional bond with special others that endures over time

Answer 43

Attachment

Question 44

the pleasurable, tactile sensations provided by a soft and cuddly parent is a powerful contributor to attachment

Answer 44

Contact comfort

Question 45

Mary Ainsworth's levels of attachment are

Answer 45

Secure Anxious/Ambivalent Anxious/Avoidant Disorganized/Disoriented

Question 46

Secure attachment

Answer 46

explores and uses mom as safe base moderate distress on separation from her happy when she returns

Question 47

Anxious/ Ambivalent attachment

Answer 47

very upset when mother leaves | shows mixed emotions when she returns

Question 48

Anxious/Avoidant attachment

Answer 48

does not seek closeness or contact with mom | shows little to no emotions

Question 49

Disorganized/ Disoriented

Answer 49

confused and exhibits avoidant and ambivalent attachment

Question 50

Four types of parenting style

Answer 50

permissive-neglectful permissive-indulgement authoritarian authoritative

Question 51

" i dont care about you or what you do"

Answer 51

permissive neglectful

Question 52

"I care about you, and youre free to do what you like"

Answer 52

Permissive indulgement

Question 53

" i dont care what you want, just do it my way or else!"

Answer 53

Authoritarian

Question 54

"I really care about you, but there are rules and you need to be responsible"

Answer 54

Authoritative

Question 55

Kohlberg's stages of moral development

Answer 55

Preconventional level conventional leve; postconventional level

Question 56

Preconvetional level is based on

Answer 56

rewards and punishment | exchange of favors

Question 57

Conventionsl level is based on

Answer 57

compliance with the rules | value of society, approval

Question 58

Postconventional level is based on

Answer 58

personal developments of right and wrong | abstract principles and values that apply to all situations and societies

Question 59

Erikson's theory that individuals pass through eight developmental stages, each involving specific crisis that must be succesfully resolved at a particular place in the life span

Answer 59

psychosocial stages

Question 60

List the eight stages of psychosocial development

Answer 60

``` trust/mistrust( birth to 1) autonomy/shame and doubt (1-3) initiative/guilt (3-6) industry/inferiority (6-12) identity/confusion(12-20) intimacy/isolation(early adulthood) generativity/stagnation(middle adult hood) ego integrity/despair (senior) ```

Question 61

A psychological and sociocultural phenomenon referring to learned, sex-related thoughts, feelings, and actions of men and women

Answer 61

gender

Question 62

A set of learned, societal expectations for thoughts, feelings, and actions considered "appropriate" for men and women, and expressed publicly by the individual

Answer 62

Gender roles

Question 63

_________ emphasize the power of the immediate situation and obesrvable behaviors on gender role development by rewards and punishments, and watch and imitate behavior of others

Answer 63

Social-learning theorist

Question 64

______ argue that children actively observe, interpret and judge the world around them. GENDER SCHEMAS

Answer 64

Cognitive-developmental theorist

Question 65

Exhibiting both masculine and feminine traits

Answer 65

Androgyny