Ch.8: Thinking, Language, and Intelligence

Question 1

every time we take in information and mentally act on it we are

Answer 1

thinking

Question 2

the mental activities of acquiring,storing,retrieving, and using knowledge

Answer 2

cognition

Question 3

this region associates complex ideas, makes plans, forms, initiates, and allocates attention and supports multitasking

Answer 3

prefrontal cortex

Question 4

a mental representation of a previously stored sensory experience in which includes visual, auditory, olfactory, tactile, motor, and gustatory imagery

Answer 4

mental image

Question 5

mental representation of a group or category. can be concrete (like car and concert) or abstract (like beauty and intelligence)

Answer 5

concept

Question 6

why is concept essential to thinking and communication?

Answer 6

simplify and organize information

Question 7

the three major building blocks of learning concepts include

Answer 7

prototypes, artificial concepts and hierachies

Question 8

what is a prototype

Answer 8

a general, natural concept based on a typical representative. “best”

Question 9

what is an artificial concept

Answer 9

a clearly defined concept based on a set of logical rules. known as formal concept

Question 10

What is hierachies

Answer 10

subcategories within broader concepts. helps master new material more quickly and easily

Question 11

Problem solving’s three step

Answer 11

Preparation
Production
Evaluation

Question 12

Preparation consist of

Answer 12

identify
separate relevant from irrelevant facts
define the ultimate goal

Question 13

production consist of

Answer 13

generate possible solutions (hypotheses)

Question 14

two ways to solve problem

Answer 14

algorithm and heuristics

Question 15

Algorithm is

Answer 15

a logical step-by-step procedure, followed correctly will lead to solving the problem

Question 16

Heuristics is

Answer 16

a rule of thumb, shortcut for problem solving. does not guarantee a solution but does narrow the alternatives

Question 17

incubation period is

Answer 17

when we put our problems aside to solve for later

Question 18

5 Barriers to problem solving consist of

Answer 18

mental set,functional fixedness ,confirmation bias, availability heuristic and representative heuristic

Question 19

Mental set is when

Answer 19

a problem-solving method strategy that has worked in the past. which we continue to use rather than try new strategies

Question 20

functional fixedness is when

Answer 20

think of objects as functioning in their prescribed, customary way

Question 21

Confirmation bias is when

Answer 21

the bias of preferring information that confirms our preexisting positions or beliefs while ignoring or discounting contradictory evidence

Question 22

availability heuristic is when

Answer 22

take a mental shortcut and judge something based on the information that is readily available in our memories

Question 23

Representative heuristic is when

Answer 23

we estimate the probability of an event based on how well an individual or event matches an existing prototype in our minds

Question 24

solution or performance that generally produces an original, appropriate, and valued outcomes in a novel way

Answer 24

creativity

Question 25

Three characteristics associated with Creativity are and explain what they are

Answer 25

Flexibility(shifting with ease), originality(different) and fluency(generate a large number of solutions)

Question 26

What is divergent thinking?

Answer 26

an ability to produce unusual but appropriate alternatives from a single starting point (thinking outside the box)

Question 27

What is convergent thinking?

Answer 27

thinking inside the box

Question 28

A form of communication using sounds or symbols combined according to specified rules

Answer 28

language

Question 29

the building blocks of language in order are

Answer 29

Phonemes(smallest distinctive sound),Morphemes(smallest meaningful units) and Grammar (System of rules)

Question 30

the vowel like sounds infants produce beginning around 2-3 months of age (oooh,ahhh)

Answer 30

cooing

Question 31

the vowel/consonant combinations that infants begin to produce at about 4-6 months of age (bahbah,dahdah)

Answer 31

babbling

Question 32

the overly broad use of a word to include objects that do not fit the word's meaning (all men= daddy)

Answer 32

overextension

Question 33

the two or three word sentences of young children that contain only the most necessary words (me want cookie)

Answer 33

Telegraphic speech

Question 34

the grammatical error of applying the basic rules of grammar even to cases that are exceptions to the rule (Two mans)

Answer 34

overgeneralization

Question 35

who suggested that children are prewired with a neurological ability within the brain known as a Language acquisition device (LAD)

Answer 35

Naom Chomsky

Question 36

LAD enables them to

Answer 36

analyze language and extract the basic rules of grammar (nativist position)

Question 37

Nurturist believe that children learn language through

Answer 37

a complex system of rewards and punishment and imitation

Question 38

The global capacity to think rationally, act purposefully, profit from experience and deal effectively with the environment

Answer 38

intelligence

Question 39

The man who propose that intelligence is a single factor which he termed general intelligence, which includes _____

Answer 39

Charles Spearman | includes: reasoning, solving problems and performing well in all areas of cognition

Question 40

L.L thurstone proposed 7 primary mental abilities which include

Answer 40

verbal comprehension, word fluency, numerical fluency, spatial visualization, assosciative memory, perceptual speed, and reasoning

Question 41

_________ argued against the idea of multiple intelligence. believed in two subtypes of G exist> fluid intelligence and crystallized intelligence

Answer 41

Raymond Cattel

Question 42

Fluid intelligence is

Answer 42

the ability to think speedily and abstractly and to solve novel problems. independent of experience and education. It decreases over age

Question 43

Crystallized intelligence is

Answer 43

knowledge and skills gained through experience and education. increases over age

Question 44

__________ believes that people have many kinds of intelligence. ______ theory of mulitple intelligence is

Answer 44

Howard Gardener Gardener's theory of intelligence explains how people have different profiles of intelligence because they are stronger in some areas than others

Question 45

9 types of intelligence in Gardener's Multiple intelligence are and describe them

Answer 45

``` linguistic (language) spatial (mental maps) bodily/kinesthetic (body movement) intrapersonal (understanding of one self) logical/mathematical (problem solving) musical (music) interpersonal (social skills) naturalistic (attuned to nature) spiritual/existensial (attune to meaning of life) ```

Question 46

__________'s triarchic theory of succesful intelligence. three seperate learned aspcets of intelligence exist which are _________

Answer 46

Robert Sternberg: analytic, creative and practical

Question 47

he emphasizes succesful intelligence as

Answer 47

the learned ability to adapt to, shape, and select environments in order to accomplish personal and societal goals

Question 48

Daniel golemans concept of _______defines the ability to percieve, appraise, express, and regulate emotions accurately and apporpriately

Answer 48

Emotional intelligence

Question 49

An index of intelligence initially derived from standardized tests and by dividing mental age by chronological age and then multiplying by 100. now derives by comparing individual scores with the scores of others of the same age

Answer 49

Intelligence Quotient

Question 50

All psychological test must fulfill three basic requirements

Answer 50

standardize (uniform procedure) Reliability (consistency) Validity (measures what it is designed to measure)

Question 51

intellectually disabled is applied when

Answer 51

someone has significant deficits in general mental abilities such as reasoning, problem solving, and academic learning

Question 52

A condition in which a person with generally limited mental abilities exhibits or brilliance in a specific area

Answer 52

Savant syndrome

Question 53

although heredity equips each of us with innate intellectual capabilities, the ________ significantly influences whether a person will reach his or her full intellectual potential

Answer 53

environment

Question 54

Difference ______ groups are due almost entirely to genetics

Answer 54

within

Question 55

Differences ______ groups are due almost entirely to environment

Answer 55

between

Question 56

Name 5 things that also affect IQ

Answer 56

environmental and cultural factors may override genetic potential Culturally biased IQ test intelligence is not a fixed rate, Flynn effect (improved nutrition) Defining scores of ethnic is impossible Stereotype threat

Question 57

awareness of a negative stereotypes that affects oneself and may lead to impairment in performance

Answer 57

stereotype threat

Question 58

disindetifying is

Answer 58

telling themselves they don't care about the grade which leads to less motivation and decrease in performance