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Psychology > Ch.8: Thinking, Language, and Intelligence > Flashcards

Ch.8: Thinking, Language, and Intelligence Flashcards

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1
Q

every time we take in information and mentally act on it we are

A

thinking

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2
Q

the mental activities of acquiring,storing,retrieving, and using knowledge

A

cognition

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3
Q

this region associates complex ideas, makes plans, forms, initiates, and allocates attention and supports multitasking

A

prefrontal cortex

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4
Q

a mental representation of a previously stored sensory experience in which includes visual, auditory, olfactory, tactile, motor, and gustatory imagery

A

mental image

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5
Q

mental representation of a group or category. can be concrete (like car and concert) or abstract (like beauty and intelligence)

A

concept

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6
Q

why is concept essential to thinking and communication?

A

simplify and organize information

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7
Q

the three major building blocks of learning concepts include

A

prototypes, artificial concepts and hierachies

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8
Q

what is a prototype

A

a general, natural concept based on a typical representative. “best”

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9
Q

what is an artificial concept

A

a clearly defined concept based on a set of logical rules. known as formal concept

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10
Q

What is hierachies

A

subcategories within broader concepts. helps master new material more quickly and easily

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11
Q

Problem solving’s three step

A

Preparation
Production
Evaluation

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12
Q

Preparation consist of

A

identify
separate relevant from irrelevant facts
define the ultimate goal

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13
Q

production consist of

A

generate possible solutions (hypotheses)

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14
Q

two ways to solve problem

A

algorithm and heuristics

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15
Q

Algorithm is

A

a logical step-by-step procedure, followed correctly will lead to solving the problem

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16
Q

Heuristics is

A

a rule of thumb, shortcut for problem solving. does not guarantee a solution but does narrow the alternatives

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17
Q

incubation period is

A

when we put our problems aside to solve for later

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18
Q

5 Barriers to problem solving consist of

A

mental set,functional fixedness ,confirmation bias, availability heuristic and representative heuristic

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19
Q

Mental set is when

A

a problem-solving method strategy that has worked in the past. which we continue to use rather than try new strategies

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20
Q

functional fixedness is when

A

think of objects as functioning in their prescribed, customary way

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21
Q

Confirmation bias is when

A

the bias of preferring information that confirms our preexisting positions or beliefs while ignoring or discounting contradictory evidence

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22
Q

availability heuristic is when

A

take a mental shortcut and judge something based on the information that is readily available in our memories

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23
Q

Representative heuristic is when

A

we estimate the probability of an event based on how well an individual or event matches an existing prototype in our minds

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24
Q

solution or performance that generally produces an original, appropriate, and valued outcomes in a novel way

A

creativity

25
Q

Three characteristics associated with Creativity are and explain what they are

A

Flexibility(shifting with ease), originality(different) and fluency(generate a large number of solutions)

26
Q

What is divergent thinking?

A

an ability to produce unusual but appropriate alternatives from a single starting point (thinking outside the box)

27
Q

What is convergent thinking?

A

thinking inside the box

28
Q

A form of communication using sounds or symbols combined according to specified rules

A

language

29
Q

the building blocks of language in order are

A

Phonemes(smallest distinctive sound),Morphemes(smallest meaningful units) and Grammar (System of rules)

30
Q

the vowel like sounds infants produce beginning around 2-3 months of age (oooh,ahhh)

A

cooing

31
Q

the vowel/consonant combinations that infants begin to produce at about 4-6 months of age (bahbah,dahdah)

A

babbling

32
Q

the overly broad use of a word to include objects that do not fit the word’s meaning (all men= daddy)

A

overextension

33
Q

the two or three word sentences of young children that contain only the most necessary words (me want cookie)

A

Telegraphic speech

34
Q

the grammatical error of applying the basic rules of grammar even to cases that are exceptions to the rule (Two mans)

A

overgeneralization

35
Q

who suggested that children are prewired with a neurological ability within the brain known as a Language acquisition device (LAD)

A

Naom Chomsky

36
Q

LAD enables them to

A

analyze language and extract the basic rules of grammar (nativist position)

37
Q

Nurturist believe that children learn language through

A

a complex system of rewards and punishment and imitation

38
Q

The global capacity to think rationally, act purposefully, profit from experience and deal effectively with the environment

A

intelligence

39
Q

The man who propose that intelligence is a single factor which he termed general intelligence, which includes _____

A

Charles Spearman

includes: reasoning, solving problems and performing well in all areas of cognition

40
Q

L.L thurstone proposed 7 primary mental abilities which include

A

verbal comprehension, word fluency, numerical fluency, spatial visualization, assosciative memory, perceptual speed, and reasoning

41
Q

_________ argued against the idea of multiple intelligence. believed in two subtypes of G exist> fluid intelligence and crystallized intelligence

A

Raymond Cattel

42
Q

Fluid intelligence is

A

the ability to think speedily and abstractly and to solve novel problems. independent of experience and education. It decreases over age

43
Q

Crystallized intelligence is

A

knowledge and skills gained through experience and education. increases over age

44
Q

__________ believes that people have many kinds of intelligence. ______ theory of mulitple intelligence is

A

Howard Gardener
Gardener’s theory of intelligence explains how people have different profiles of intelligence because they are stronger in some areas than others

45
Q

9 types of intelligence in Gardener’s Multiple intelligence are and describe them

A 
linguistic (language)
spatial  (mental maps)
bodily/kinesthetic (body movement)
intrapersonal (understanding of one self)
logical/mathematical (problem solving)
musical (music)
interpersonal (social skills)
naturalistic (attuned to nature)
spiritual/existensial (attune to meaning of life)
46
Q

__________’s triarchic theory of succesful intelligence. three seperate learned aspcets of intelligence exist which are _________

A

Robert Sternberg: analytic, creative and practical

47
Q

he emphasizes succesful intelligence as

A

the learned ability to adapt to, shape, and select environments in order to accomplish personal and societal goals

48
Q

Daniel golemans concept of _______defines the ability to percieve, appraise, express, and regulate emotions accurately and apporpriately

A

Emotional intelligence

49
Q

An index of intelligence initially derived from standardized tests and by dividing mental age by chronological age and then multiplying by 100. now derives by comparing individual scores with the scores of others of the same age

A

Intelligence Quotient

50
Q

All psychological test must fulfill three basic requirements

A

standardize (uniform procedure)
Reliability (consistency)
Validity (measures what it is designed to measure)

51
Q

intellectually disabled is applied when

A

someone has significant deficits in general mental abilities such as reasoning, problem solving, and academic learning

52
Q

A condition in which a person with generally limited mental abilities exhibits or brilliance in a specific area

A

Savant syndrome

53
Q

although heredity equips each of us with innate intellectual capabilities, the ________ significantly influences whether a person will reach his or her full intellectual potential

A

environment

54
Q

Difference ______ groups are due almost entirely to genetics

A

within

55
Q

Differences ______ groups are due almost entirely to environment

A

between

56
Q

Name 5 things that also affect IQ

A

environmental and cultural factors may override genetic potential
Culturally biased IQ test
intelligence is not a fixed rate, Flynn effect (improved nutrition)
Defining scores of ethnic is impossible
Stereotype threat

57
Q

awareness of a negative stereotypes that affects oneself and may lead to impairment in performance

A

stereotype threat

58
Q

disindetifying is

A

telling themselves they don’t care about the grade which leads to less motivation and decrease in performance

Psychology (14 decks)

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