Ch.8: Thinking, Language, and Intelligence Flashcards
every time we take in information and mentally act on it we are
thinking
the mental activities of acquiring,storing,retrieving, and using knowledge
cognition
this region associates complex ideas, makes plans, forms, initiates, and allocates attention and supports multitasking
prefrontal cortex
a mental representation of a previously stored sensory experience in which includes visual, auditory, olfactory, tactile, motor, and gustatory imagery
mental image
mental representation of a group or category. can be concrete (like car and concert) or abstract (like beauty and intelligence)
concept
why is concept essential to thinking and communication?
simplify and organize information
the three major building blocks of learning concepts include
prototypes, artificial concepts and hierachies
what is a prototype
a general, natural concept based on a typical representative. “best”
what is an artificial concept
a clearly defined concept based on a set of logical rules. known as formal concept
What is hierachies
subcategories within broader concepts. helps master new material more quickly and easily
Problem solving’s three step
Preparation
Production
Evaluation
Preparation consist of
identify
separate relevant from irrelevant facts
define the ultimate goal
production consist of
generate possible solutions (hypotheses)
two ways to solve problem
algorithm and heuristics
Algorithm is
a logical step-by-step procedure, followed correctly will lead to solving the problem
Heuristics is
a rule of thumb, shortcut for problem solving. does not guarantee a solution but does narrow the alternatives
incubation period is
when we put our problems aside to solve for later
5 Barriers to problem solving consist of
mental set,functional fixedness ,confirmation bias, availability heuristic and representative heuristic
Mental set is when
a problem-solving method strategy that has worked in the past. which we continue to use rather than try new strategies
functional fixedness is when
think of objects as functioning in their prescribed, customary way
Confirmation bias is when
the bias of preferring information that confirms our preexisting positions or beliefs while ignoring or discounting contradictory evidence
availability heuristic is when
take a mental shortcut and judge something based on the information that is readily available in our memories
Representative heuristic is when
we estimate the probability of an event based on how well an individual or event matches an existing prototype in our minds
solution or performance that generally produces an original, appropriate, and valued outcomes in a novel way
creativity
Three characteristics associated with Creativity are and explain what they are
Flexibility(shifting with ease), originality(different) and fluency(generate a large number of solutions)
What is divergent thinking?
an ability to produce unusual but appropriate alternatives from a single starting point (thinking outside the box)
What is convergent thinking?
thinking inside the box
A form of communication using sounds or symbols combined according to specified rules
language
the building blocks of language in order are
Phonemes(smallest distinctive sound),Morphemes(smallest meaningful units) and Grammar (System of rules)
the vowel like sounds infants produce beginning around 2-3 months of age (oooh,ahhh)
cooing
the vowel/consonant combinations that infants begin to produce at about 4-6 months of age (bahbah,dahdah)
babbling
the overly broad use of a word to include objects that do not fit the word’s meaning (all men= daddy)
overextension
the two or three word sentences of young children that contain only the most necessary words (me want cookie)
Telegraphic speech
the grammatical error of applying the basic rules of grammar even to cases that are exceptions to the rule (Two mans)
overgeneralization
who suggested that children are prewired with a neurological ability within the brain known as a Language acquisition device (LAD)
Naom Chomsky
LAD enables them to
analyze language and extract the basic rules of grammar (nativist position)
Nurturist believe that children learn language through
a complex system of rewards and punishment and imitation
The global capacity to think rationally, act purposefully, profit from experience and deal effectively with the environment
intelligence
The man who propose that intelligence is a single factor which he termed general intelligence, which includes _____
Charles Spearman
includes: reasoning, solving problems and performing well in all areas of cognition
L.L thurstone proposed 7 primary mental abilities which include
verbal comprehension, word fluency, numerical fluency, spatial visualization, assosciative memory, perceptual speed, and reasoning
_________ argued against the idea of multiple intelligence. believed in two subtypes of G exist> fluid intelligence and crystallized intelligence
Raymond Cattel
Fluid intelligence is
the ability to think speedily and abstractly and to solve novel problems. independent of experience and education. It decreases over age
Crystallized intelligence is
knowledge and skills gained through experience and education. increases over age
__________ believes that people have many kinds of intelligence. ______ theory of mulitple intelligence is
Howard Gardener
Gardener’s theory of intelligence explains how people have different profiles of intelligence because they are stronger in some areas than others
9 types of intelligence in Gardener’s Multiple intelligence are and describe them
linguistic (language) spatial (mental maps) bodily/kinesthetic (body movement) intrapersonal (understanding of one self) logical/mathematical (problem solving) musical (music) interpersonal (social skills) naturalistic (attuned to nature) spiritual/existensial (attune to meaning of life)
__________’s triarchic theory of succesful intelligence. three seperate learned aspcets of intelligence exist which are _________
Robert Sternberg: analytic, creative and practical
he emphasizes succesful intelligence as
the learned ability to adapt to, shape, and select environments in order to accomplish personal and societal goals
Daniel golemans concept of _______defines the ability to percieve, appraise, express, and regulate emotions accurately and apporpriately
Emotional intelligence
An index of intelligence initially derived from standardized tests and by dividing mental age by chronological age and then multiplying by 100. now derives by comparing individual scores with the scores of others of the same age
Intelligence Quotient
All psychological test must fulfill three basic requirements
standardize (uniform procedure)
Reliability (consistency)
Validity (measures what it is designed to measure)
intellectually disabled is applied when
someone has significant deficits in general mental abilities such as reasoning, problem solving, and academic learning
A condition in which a person with generally limited mental abilities exhibits or brilliance in a specific area
Savant syndrome
although heredity equips each of us with innate intellectual capabilities, the ________ significantly influences whether a person will reach his or her full intellectual potential
environment
Difference ______ groups are due almost entirely to genetics
within
Differences ______ groups are due almost entirely to environment
between
Name 5 things that also affect IQ
environmental and cultural factors may override genetic potential
Culturally biased IQ test
intelligence is not a fixed rate, Flynn effect (improved nutrition)
Defining scores of ethnic is impossible
Stereotype threat
awareness of a negative stereotypes that affects oneself and may lead to impairment in performance
stereotype threat
disindetifying is
telling themselves they don’t care about the grade which leads to less motivation and decrease in performance
