Ch.6: Learning

Question 1

A relatively permanent change in behavior or mental processes caused by experience

Answer 1

learning

Question 2

The founder of CLASSIC CONDITIONING

Answer 2

Ivan Pavlov

Question 3

A type of learning that develops through paired associations, a previously neutral stimulus(NS) is paired with an unconditioned stimulus(US) to elicit a conditioned response (CR) involuntary, permanent

Answer 3

Classical conditionig

Question 4

The process of learning associations between stimuli and behavioral responses

Answer 4

conditioning

Question 5

A stimulus that does not naturally bring about the response of interest before conditioning

Answer 5

Neutral stimulus

Question 6

A stimulus that elicits an unconditioned response without previous conditioning (unlearned)

Answer 6

Unconditioned stimulus

Question 7

a previously neutral stimulus becomes conditioned through repeated pairings with an unconditioned stimulus and it now elicits a conditioned response

Answer 7

Conditioned stimulus

Question 8

A learned reaction to a conditioned stimulus

Answer 8

Conditioned response

Question 9

through classical conditioning, an emotion such as fear becomes a conditioned response to a previously neutral stimulus

Answer 9

Conditioned emotional response

Question 10

the initial stage in a classical conditioning experiment during in which the conditioned stimulus elicits the conditioned response

Answer 10

Acquisition

Question 11

The conditioned response is elicited not only by the conditioned stimulus but also by stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus

Answer 11

Stimulus generalization

Question 12

A conditioning processes in which an organism learns to respond differently for stimuli that differ from the conditioned stimulus on some dimension

Answer 12

Stimulus discrimination

Question 13

The gradual disappearance of a conditioned response. occurs when an unconditioned stimulus is withheld whenever the conditioned stimulus is presented

Answer 13

Extinction

Question 14

The sudden, reappearance of a previously extinguished conditioned response after a rest period

Answer 14

Spontaneous recovery

Question 15

Learning through voluntary behavior and its subsequent consequences, reinforcement increases behavioral tendencies, whereas punishment decreases them

Answer 15

Operant Conditioning

Question 16

The adding or taking away of a stimulus following a response, which increases the likelihood of that response being repeated (positive)

Answer 16

reinforcement

Question 17

The adding or taking away of a stimulus following a response, which decreases the likelihood of that response being repeated

Answer 17

Punishment

Question 18

Thorndike’s rule that responses that produce a satisfying effect are more likely occur again, whereas those that produce a discomforting effect become less likely to occur again

Answer 18

Law of effect

Question 19

Any stimuli that increases the probability of a response because of their innate, biological value, such as food and water

Answer 19

Primary reinforcers

Question 20

Any stimuli that increases the probability of a response because of their learned value such as money, and material possesions

Answer 20

Secondary reinforcers

Question 21

The adding of a stimulus , strengthening a response, more likely to recur

Answer 21

Positive reinforcement

Question 22

The taking away of a stimulus, strengthening a response, more likely to recur (positive)

Answer 22

Negative reinforcement

Question 23

The use of a naturally occuring high-frequency response to reinforce and increase low frequency responses (paying bills)

Answer 23

Premack principle

Question 24

Any stimuli that decreases the probability of a response because of their biological value such as hunger and thirst

Answer 24

Primary punishers

Question 25

Any stimuli that decreases the probability of a response because of their learned value such as poor grades or a parking ticket

Answer 25

Secondary punisher

Question 26

The addition of a stimulus, weakening a response and making it less likely to recur

Answer 26

Positive punishment

Question 27

The taking away of a stimulus, weakening a response and making it less likely to recur

Answer 27

Negative punishment

Question 28

Punishment has 7 important drawbacks

Answer 28

passive aggressiveness, avoidance behavior, inappropriate modeling, temporary suppression versus elimination (cop) learned helplessness (stay) reward aggression and perpetuated aggression (cycle)

Question 29

A training method where reinforcement is delivered for successive approximations of the desired response

Answer 29

Shape

Question 30

A reinforcement pattern in which every correct response is reinforce

Answer 30

Continuous reinforcement

Question 31

A pattern in which reinforcement pattern in which SOME but not all correct responses are reinforced

Answer 31

Partial reinforcement

Question 32

Specific patterns of reinforcements that determine when a behavior will be reinforced

Answer 32

Schedules of reinforcement

Question 33

A schedule of reinforcement in which a reinforcer is delivered for the first response made after a fixed number of responses

Answer 33

Fixed ratio schedule

Question 34

A schedule of reinforcement in which a reinforcer is delivered for the first response made after a variable number of responses whose average is determined

Answer 34

Variable ratio schedule

Question 35

A schedule of reinforcement in which a reinforcer is delivered for the first response made after a fixed period of time

Answer 35

Fixed interval schedule

Question 36

A schedule of reinforcement in which a reinforcer is delivered for the first response made after a variable period of time whose average is predetermined

Answer 36

Variable interval schedule

Question 37

A theory that emphasizes the roles of thinking and social learning

Answer 37

Cognitive-social learning

Question 38

A sudden understanding or realization of how a problem can be solved

Answer 38

Insight

Question 39

A mental image of a 3D space that an organism has navigated

Answer 39

Cognitive map

Question 40

Hidden learning that exist without behavioral signs

Answer 40

Latent learning

Question 41

The learning of new behaviors or information by watching or imitating others

Answer 41

Observational learning

Question 42

the four key factors in observational learning are

Answer 42

attention, retention(remember), reproduction, and motivation

Question 43

A type of neuron that fires or activates when an action is performed, as well as observing the action or emotions of another, responsible for empathy.

Answer 43

Mirror neurons

Question 44

A classically conditioned dislike for and avoidance of a specific food whose ingestion is followed by illness

Answer 44

Taste aversion

Question 45

The built-in readiness to form associations between certain stimuli and responses

Answer 45

Biological preparedness

Question 46

The tendency for conditioned responses to revert (drift back) to innate response patterns

Answer 46

Instinctive drift