Ch.6: Learning Flashcards
A relatively permanent change in behavior or mental processes caused by experience
learning
The founder of CLASSIC CONDITIONING
Ivan Pavlov
A type of learning that develops through paired associations, a previously neutral stimulus(NS) is paired with an unconditioned stimulus(US) to elicit a conditioned response (CR) involuntary, permanent
Classical conditionig
The process of learning associations between stimuli and behavioral responses
conditioning
A stimulus that does not naturally bring about the response of interest before conditioning
Neutral stimulus
A stimulus that elicits an unconditioned response without previous conditioning (unlearned)
Unconditioned stimulus
a previously neutral stimulus becomes conditioned through repeated pairings with an unconditioned stimulus and it now elicits a conditioned response
Conditioned stimulus
A learned reaction to a conditioned stimulus
Conditioned response
through classical conditioning, an emotion such as fear becomes a conditioned response to a previously neutral stimulus
Conditioned emotional response
the initial stage in a classical conditioning experiment during in which the conditioned stimulus elicits the conditioned response
Acquisition
The conditioned response is elicited not only by the conditioned stimulus but also by stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus
Stimulus generalization
A conditioning processes in which an organism learns to respond differently for stimuli that differ from the conditioned stimulus on some dimension
Stimulus discrimination
The gradual disappearance of a conditioned response. occurs when an unconditioned stimulus is withheld whenever the conditioned stimulus is presented
Extinction
The sudden, reappearance of a previously extinguished conditioned response after a rest period
Spontaneous recovery
Learning through voluntary behavior and its subsequent consequences, reinforcement increases behavioral tendencies, whereas punishment decreases them
Operant Conditioning
The adding or taking away of a stimulus following a response, which increases the likelihood of that response being repeated (positive)
reinforcement
The adding or taking away of a stimulus following a response, which decreases the likelihood of that response being repeated
Punishment
Thorndike’s rule that responses that produce a satisfying effect are more likely occur again, whereas those that produce a discomforting effect become less likely to occur again
Law of effect
Any stimuli that increases the probability of a response because of their innate, biological value, such as food and water
Primary reinforcers
Any stimuli that increases the probability of a response because of their learned value such as money, and material possesions
Secondary reinforcers
The adding of a stimulus , strengthening a response, more likely to recur
Positive reinforcement
The taking away of a stimulus, strengthening a response, more likely to recur (positive)
Negative reinforcement
The use of a naturally occuring high-frequency response to reinforce and increase low frequency responses (paying bills)
Premack principle
Any stimuli that decreases the probability of a response because of their biological value such as hunger and thirst
Primary punishers
Any stimuli that decreases the probability of a response because of their learned value such as poor grades or a parking ticket
Secondary punisher
The addition of a stimulus, weakening a response and making it less likely to recur
Positive punishment
The taking away of a stimulus, weakening a response and making it less likely to recur
Negative punishment
Punishment has 7 important drawbacks
passive aggressiveness, avoidance behavior, inappropriate modeling, temporary suppression versus elimination (cop) learned helplessness (stay) reward aggression and perpetuated aggression (cycle)
A training method where reinforcement is delivered for successive approximations of the desired response
Shape
A reinforcement pattern in which every correct response is reinforce
Continuous reinforcement
A pattern in which reinforcement pattern in which SOME but not all correct responses are reinforced
Partial reinforcement
Specific patterns of reinforcements that determine when a behavior will be reinforced
Schedules of reinforcement
A schedule of reinforcement in which a reinforcer is delivered for the first response made after a fixed number of responses
Fixed ratio schedule
A schedule of reinforcement in which a reinforcer is delivered for the first response made after a variable number of responses whose average is determined
Variable ratio schedule
A schedule of reinforcement in which a reinforcer is delivered for the first response made after a fixed period of time
Fixed interval schedule
A schedule of reinforcement in which a reinforcer is delivered for the first response made after a variable period of time whose average is predetermined
Variable interval schedule
A theory that emphasizes the roles of thinking and social learning
Cognitive-social learning
A sudden understanding or realization of how a problem can be solved
Insight
A mental image of a 3D space that an organism has navigated
Cognitive map
Hidden learning that exist without behavioral signs
Latent learning
The learning of new behaviors or information by watching or imitating others
Observational learning
the four key factors in observational learning are
attention, retention(remember), reproduction, and motivation
A type of neuron that fires or activates when an action is performed, as well as observing the action or emotions of another, responsible for empathy.
Mirror neurons
A classically conditioned dislike for and avoidance of a specific food whose ingestion is followed by illness
Taste aversion
The built-in readiness to form associations between certain stimuli and responses
Biological preparedness
The tendency for conditioned responses to revert (drift back) to innate response patterns
Instinctive drift
