Ch.7: Memory Flashcards
The internal record or representation of some prior event or experience. The mental capacity to encode, store, and retrieve information
Memory
What are three key terms for memorization
Encode, Storage, and retrieve
What are the three forms of storage
Sensory storage,Short term memory, and long term memory
The process of organizing and shaping information during processing, storage,and retrieval of memories
Constructive Process
The initial memory storage, which holds sensor information, has relatively capacity but the duration is only for a few seconds
Sensory Memory
Two types of sensory memory include
Iconic memory and auditory memory
The second memory stage, which is also called working memory, temporarily stores and processes stimuli. If information is important, it organizes and send information to the LTM. Capacityis limited and duration is 30 seconds
Short term memory
The process of grouping seperate area pieces of information into a single unit on the basis of similarity or some organizing principle. EX. phone number
Chunking
The memory improvement technique of repeating information over and over to maintain in STM
Maintenance Rehearsal
The third stage, stores information permanently
Long term memory
short term memory retrieves its information from
sensory memory and LTM
Type of LTM which consciously stores facts, information and personal life experience
Explicit/declarative memory
Type of LTM which consist of general knowledge, rules,facts,and specific information
Semantic Memory
Type of LTM which is a mental diary of a person’s life, episodes
Episodic memory
Type of LTM which is procedural motor skill, classically conditioned responses . What we already know. common sense
Implicit/nondeclaritive memory
Prior exposure to a stimulus facilitates the processing of new information
Priming
3 ways to improve long term memory are
Organization, rehearsal and retrieval
A strategy or device that uses familiar information during encoding of new information to enhance subsequent access to the information
Mnemonic
_________ retrieves of information is improved if cues recieved at the time of recall are consistent with those present at the time of encoding
Encoding-Specifity principle
A prompt or stimulus that aids recall or retrieval of a stored piece of information from LTM
Retrieval cue
__________ first introduced the experimental study of learning and forgetting in 1885
Herman Ebbinghus
A forgetting theory which states that connections between neurons probably deteriorate over time (use it or lose it)
Decay theory
A forgetting theory which states that it is caused by two competing memory, with memories similar to one another.
Interference theory
new info leads to forgetting old info Ex. names of new friends
Retroactive interference
Old info leads to forgetting new info EX. accidentally used an ex bf name to refer to your current bf
Proactive interference
We forget some information for a reason (unpleasant events)
Motivated forgetting theory
During STM, overlook precise details and may not fully encode it
Encoding failure theory
Memories stored in LTM arent forgotten, just momentarily inaccesible
Retrieval failure theory
The feeling that a word or an event you are trying to remember will pop out at any second
Tip of the tongue
Factors that involved in forgetting include
Misinformation effect,Serial position Effect, Source amnesia Sleeper effect, Spacing of Practice and Culture
A memory distortion that results from misleading post event
Misinformation effect
Information at the beginning and end are remembered first
Serial position effect
A memory error caused by forgetting the true source of memory
Source amnesia
A memory error in which information from an unreliable sources that was initially discounted later gains credibility because the source is forgotten
Sleeper Effect
Spacing your learning periods with breaks
Distributed practice
Time spent learning is grouped, long and no breaks
Cramming, Massed practice
A long lasting increase in neural excitability, which may be a biological mechanism for learning memory
Long term potentiation
Flashbulb memory is different from ordinaary memories because of
Its vividness and confidence in accuracy
Flashbulbs memories are, what are examples
Vivid, detailed and near permanent images assosciated with surprising or strongly emotional events. (first kiss,loss of a loved one, first baby)
Where are memories located?
Thalamus, Cerebral cortex, Amygdala, Hippocampus, and Cerebellum
the leading cause of memory loss is
Traumatic brain injury
loss of memory
Amnesia
Old memories lost, new memories okay. (temporary)
Retrograde amnesia
Old memories okay, new memories can’t form
Anterograde amnesia
The process by which neurons changes associated with recent learning become durable and stable
Consolidation
Progressive mental deterioration, common in old age
Alzeihemer’s disease
