ch9 Flashcards
cross sectional research method
researching using participants of different ages to see how different variables change with age
longitudinal research method
long term research of a person or group of people
teratogens
chemicals or agents that can cause a fetus harm if ingested by the mother
(ex. alcohol can cause Fetal Alcohol Syndrome, FAS)
Fetal Alcohol Effect
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome without the deformed skull
rooting reflex
when touched on the cheek, a baby will turn their head towards where they felt the touch and try to put the object in their mouth
sucking reflex
when an object is placed into a baby’s mouth, the baby will suck it
grasping reflex
when an object is placed into a baby’s hand/foot, they will try to grasp it
Moro reflex
when startled, a baby will their their arms out before retracting them
Babinski reflex
when a baby’s foot is stroked, they will spread their toes
newborn senses
dominant sense is hearing
can only see 8-12 inches in front of them
preference for sugar
likes looking at symmetrical face like objects.
motor development
motor skills develop as neurons in the brain connect
secure attachments (66%)
explores new places with parents, are distressed when parents leave, and go to parents when they return
avoidant attachments (21%)
will explore new places with or without parents, and will not seek out parents when they leave/return
ambivalent/anxious attachments (12%)
will be distressed when parents leave, but will not seek them out when they return.
authoritarian parents
set strict standards for behavior and apply punishments when disobeyed.
permissive parents
does not set/enforce consistent standards, and rules that do exist are oftentimes not acknowledged.
authoritative parents
consistent standards are set but they are reasonable
continuity (stage theories)
continuous development, steady rate from birth-death
discontinuity (stage theories)
some periods of time have more growth than others
(basically every stage theory)
Freud’s psychosexual theory
Oral Stage- fixations cause overeating, smoking, and childlike dependency on people
Anal Stage- fixations cause anal retentive (overly organized) or anal compulsive (disorganized, aggressive,)
Phallic Stage- fixations here cause future relationship problems
Latency Period- Period- of calm
Genital Stage- pleasure through genitals
Erikson’s psychosocial theory
Trust VS Mistrust - babies learn if they can trust parents to provide for them
Autonomy VS Shame/Doubt- babies try to control their bodies
Initiative VS Guilt- will ask questions
Industry VS Inferiority- if they can keep up with their peers
Identity VS Role Confusion- determining their social identity
Intimacy VS Isolation- work/life balance
Generativity VS Stagnation- will take control of their lives and try to reach their goals.
Integrity VS Despair- they look back at their lives and determine if they were happy or not
Piaget’s cognitive development theory
Sensorimotor (birth-2)- governed by reflexes
Preoperational (2-7)- will begin to use symbols to represent objects (children are egocentric)
Concrete Operations (8-12)- begin to think about more complex thoughts (when they understand concepts of conservation)
Formal Operations (12+)- when they can manipulate, contrast, and see ideas in their head.
schemata
cognitive rules we use to interpret the world
concepts of conservation
an object’s volume, area, and number does not change even when moved
Kohlberg’s moral development theory
pre conventional (birth-9)- chooses the option that benefits them the most
conventional (10-13)- makes choices based off of how others would view them
postconventional (13-18+)- “moral reasoning”, they have their own ethics and values
assimilation
incorporating experiences into existing schemata
accomodation
adjusting schemata due to new information that conflicts with existing rules
object permeance
acknowledging that objects still exist when they cant be seen (usually occurs sensorimotor stage/8 months)
egocentric
inability to see in any perspectives outside of their own
metacognition
thinking about the way we think
harry harlow’s attachment research
trapped 2 monkeys with fake mother monkeys (one had food and the other one was wrapped in soft stuff)
found that monkeys preferred the soft mother when they needed comfort
Mary ainsworth’s strange situation
researched how babies reacted when their parents left them alone in a new location
gender schema theory
how ideas about how certain genders behave ina society
