ch9

Question 1

cross sectional research method

Answer 1

researching using participants of different ages to see how different variables change with age

Question 2

longitudinal research method

Answer 2

long term research of a person or group of people

Question 3

teratogens

Answer 3

chemicals or agents that can cause a fetus harm if ingested by the mother
(ex. alcohol can cause Fetal Alcohol Syndrome, FAS)

Question 4

Fetal Alcohol Effect

Answer 4

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome without the deformed skull

Question 5

rooting reflex

Answer 5

when touched on the cheek, a baby will turn their head towards where they felt the touch and try to put the object in their mouth

Question 6

sucking reflex

Answer 6

when an object is placed into a baby’s mouth, the baby will suck it

Question 7

grasping reflex

Answer 7

when an object is placed into a baby’s hand/foot, they will try to grasp it

Question 8

Moro reflex

Answer 8

when startled, a baby will their their arms out before retracting them

Question 9

Babinski reflex

Answer 9

when a baby’s foot is stroked, they will spread their toes

Question 10

newborn senses

Answer 10

dominant sense is hearing
can only see 8-12 inches in front of them
preference for sugar
likes looking at symmetrical face like objects.

Question 11

motor development

Answer 11

motor skills develop as neurons in the brain connect

Question 12

secure attachments (66%)

Answer 12

explores new places with parents, are distressed when parents leave, and go to parents when they return

Question 13

avoidant attachments (21%)

Answer 13

will explore new places with or without parents, and will not seek out parents when they leave/return

Question 14

ambivalent/anxious attachments (12%)

Answer 14

will be distressed when parents leave, but will not seek them out when they return.

Question 15

authoritarian parents

Answer 15

set strict standards for behavior and apply punishments when disobeyed.

Question 16

permissive parents

Answer 16

does not set/enforce consistent standards, and rules that do exist are oftentimes not acknowledged.

Question 17

authoritative parents

Answer 17

consistent standards are set but they are reasonable

Question 18

continuity (stage theories)

Answer 18

continuous development, steady rate from birth-death

Question 19

discontinuity (stage theories)

Answer 19

some periods of time have more growth than others
(basically every stage theory)

Question 20

Freud’s psychosexual theory

Answer 20

Oral Stage- fixations cause overeating, smoking, and childlike dependency on people

Anal Stage- fixations cause anal retentive (overly organized) or anal compulsive (disorganized, aggressive,)

Phallic Stage- fixations here cause future relationship problems

Latency Period- Period- of calm

Genital Stage- pleasure through genitals

Question 21

Erikson’s psychosocial theory

Answer 21

Trust VS Mistrust - babies learn if they can trust parents to provide for them
Autonomy VS Shame/Doubt- babies try to control their bodies
Initiative VS Guilt- will ask questions
Industry VS Inferiority- if they can keep up with their peers
Identity VS Role Confusion- determining their social identity
Intimacy VS Isolation- work/life balance
Generativity VS Stagnation- will take control of their lives and try to reach their goals.
Integrity VS Despair- they look back at their lives and determine if they were happy or not

Question 22

Piaget’s cognitive development theory

Answer 22

Sensorimotor (birth-2)- governed by reflexes

Preoperational (2-7)- will begin to use symbols to represent objects (children are egocentric)

Concrete Operations (8-12)- begin to think about more complex thoughts (when they understand concepts of conservation)

Formal Operations (12+)- when they can manipulate, contrast, and see ideas in their head.

Question 23

schemata

Answer 23

cognitive rules we use to interpret the world

Question 24

concepts of conservation

Answer 24

an object’s volume, area, and number does not change even when moved

Question 25

Kohlberg’s moral development theory

Answer 25

pre conventional (birth-9)- chooses the option that benefits them the most

conventional (10-13)- makes choices based off of how others would view them

postconventional (13-18+)- “moral reasoning”, they have their own ethics and values

Question 26

assimilation

Answer 26

incorporating experiences into existing schemata

Question 27

accomodation

Answer 27

adjusting schemata due to new information that conflicts with existing rules

Question 28

object permeance

Answer 28

acknowledging that objects still exist when they cant be seen (usually occurs sensorimotor stage/8 months)

Question 29

egocentric

Answer 29

inability to see in any perspectives outside of their own

Question 30

metacognition

Answer 30

thinking about the way we think

Question 31

harry harlow’s attachment research

Answer 31

trapped 2 monkeys with fake mother monkeys (one had food and the other one was wrapped in soft stuff)
found that monkeys preferred the soft mother when they needed comfort

Question 32

Mary ainsworth’s strange situation

Answer 32

researched how babies reacted when their parents left them alone in a new location

Question 33

gender schema theory

Answer 33

how ideas about how certain genders behave ina society