ch7 Flashcards
models of memory
explanations to how memory works
three box/information processing model
external events are processed by sensory memory, before some of it gets encoded into short term. some more info is then encoded into long term memory.
any info that is not encoded is lost
iconic memory
split second perfect “photograph” of a scene
echoic memory
perfect brief (3–4 secs) memory for audio
selective attention
encoding what is important or what we are currently paying attention to
short term memory
memories that usually fade after 10-30 secs. has capacity of 7 items on average
clunking
grouping any number of items into 7 groups
mnemonic devices
memory aids
(ex, ROYGBIV= colors of rainbow)
long term memory
permanent memory with unlimited storage
decay
when long term memories fade over time
episodic memory
memories of specific events stores in chronological order
semantic memory
general knowledge of the world
procedural memory
memories of skills and how to perform them
explicit/declarative memories
memories that are intentionally remembered/recalled
implicit/nondeclarative memories
memories that are not intentionally remembered/recalled
levels of processing model
memories are either deeply/elaborately processed or shallowly/maintenance processed.
states that people remember things more if they spend more time and energy on it
retrieval
last step of any memory model.
gets information out of storage and into consciousness.
there are 2 kinds: recognition & recall
recognition
matching a current event/fact with one already in memory
recall
retrieving a memory when given an external cue
primary effect
predicts that items shown in the beginning are more likely to be recalled
recency effect
predicts that the items at the end are more likely to be recalleds
serial position effect/curve
combination of primary effect & recency effect=
first and last parts are more likely to be remembered
tip of the tongue phenomenom
temporary inability to remember information
semantic network theory
states that brain might form new memories by connecting meanings & context with already existing ones
flashbulb memories
when memories are more vivid due to association with an important event
mood congruent memory
greater likelihood of recalling a memory when their current mood matches the mood they were in during the memory
state dependant memory
recalling events that were encoded during a particular state of consciousness
constructed/reconstructed memory
brain adding false details to a real memory or creating entirely new ones.
can be caused by insistent questioning
retroactive interference
learning information interferes with recall of old information
proactive interference
older information learned previously interferes with recall of new information
language
is described with phonemes and morphemes
phonemes
smallest units of sound in a languagem
morphemes
smallest unit of meaningful sound (ex. “a” “or” “pre-“)
syntax
the particular order words are written/spoken in
stages of language acquisition
stage 1. babbling
stage 2. holophrastic/one word stage
stage 3. telegraphic speech/two word stage
overgeneralization/overregularization
misuse of grammar rules
language acquisition device
ability to learn a language rapidly as children
linguistic relativity hypothesis
theorizes that the language we use may limit our thinking
concepts
cognitive rules we use to categorize stimuli we encounter
(ex. objects, people)
prototypes
the most typical example of a concept
algorithms
solving problems by trying every possible solutionh
heuristics
a rule that is generally, but not always true
availability heuristic
judging a solution based eoff past similar situations
representative heuristic
judging a solution based off prototypes a person holds in their minds
belief bias/perserverance
tendency to not change beliefs even when faced with evidence
rigidity/mental set
tendency to fall into established thought patterns (using past experiences to solve new problems)
functional fixedness
inability to see a new function for an object
confirmation bias
tendency to look for evidence that supports your beliefs and ignore evidence that goes against it
framing
how a problem is presented
convergent thinking
thinking pointed towards 1 solution
divergent thinking
thinking pointed towards multiple solutions
