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ch7 Flashcards

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1
Q

models of memory

A

explanations to how memory works

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2
Q

three box/information processing model

A

external events are processed by sensory memory, before some of it gets encoded into short term. some more info is then encoded into long term memory.

any info that is not encoded is lost

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3
Q

iconic memory

A

split second perfect “photograph” of a scene

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4
Q

echoic memory

A

perfect brief (3–4 secs) memory for audio

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5
Q

selective attention

A

encoding what is important or what we are currently paying attention to

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6
Q

short term memory

A

memories that usually fade after 10-30 secs. has capacity of 7 items on average

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7
Q

clunking

A

grouping any number of items into 7 groups

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8
Q

mnemonic devices

A

memory aids
(ex, ROYGBIV= colors of rainbow)

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9
Q

long term memory

A

permanent memory with unlimited storage

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10
Q

decay

A

when long term memories fade over time

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11
Q

episodic memory

A

memories of specific events stores in chronological order

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12
Q

semantic memory

A

general knowledge of the world

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13
Q

procedural memory

A

memories of skills and how to perform them

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14
Q

explicit/declarative memories

A

memories that are intentionally remembered/recalled

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15
Q

implicit/nondeclarative memories

A

memories that are not intentionally remembered/recalled

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16
Q

levels of processing model

A

memories are either deeply/elaborately processed or shallowly/maintenance processed.

states that people remember things more if they spend more time and energy on it

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17
Q

retrieval

A

last step of any memory model.
gets information out of storage and into consciousness.
there are 2 kinds: recognition & recall

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18
Q

recognition

A

matching a current event/fact with one already in memory

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19
Q

recall

A

retrieving a memory when given an external cue

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20
Q

primary effect

A

predicts that items shown in the beginning are more likely to be recalled

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21
Q

recency effect

A

predicts that the items at the end are more likely to be recalleds

22
Q

serial position effect/curve

A

combination of primary effect & recency effect=
first and last parts are more likely to be remembered

23
Q

tip of the tongue phenomenom

A

temporary inability to remember information

24
Q

semantic network theory

A

states that brain might form new memories by connecting meanings & context with already existing ones

25
Q

flashbulb memories

A

when memories are more vivid due to association with an important event

26
Q

mood congruent memory

A

greater likelihood of recalling a memory when their current mood matches the mood they were in during the memory

27
Q

state dependant memory

A

recalling events that were encoded during a particular state of consciousness

28
Q

constructed/reconstructed memory

A

brain adding false details to a real memory or creating entirely new ones.
can be caused by insistent questioning

29
Q

retroactive interference

A

learning information interferes with recall of old information

30
Q

proactive interference

A

older information learned previously interferes with recall of new information

31
Q

language

A

is described with phonemes and morphemes

32
Q

phonemes

A

smallest units of sound in a languagem

33
Q

morphemes

A

smallest unit of meaningful sound (ex. “a” “or” “pre-“)

34
Q

syntax

A

the particular order words are written/spoken in

35
Q

stages of language acquisition

A

stage 1. babbling
stage 2. holophrastic/one word stage
stage 3. telegraphic speech/two word stage

36
Q

overgeneralization/overregularization

A

misuse of grammar rules

37
Q

language acquisition device

A

ability to learn a language rapidly as children

38
Q

linguistic relativity hypothesis

A

theorizes that the language we use may limit our thinking

39
Q

concepts

A

cognitive rules we use to categorize stimuli we encounter
(ex. objects, people)

40
Q

prototypes

A

the most typical example of a concept

41
Q

algorithms

A

solving problems by trying every possible solutionh

42
Q

heuristics

A

a rule that is generally, but not always true

43
Q

availability heuristic

A

judging a solution based eoff past similar situations

44
Q

representative heuristic

A

judging a solution based off prototypes a person holds in their minds

45
Q

belief bias/perserverance

A

tendency to not change beliefs even when faced with evidence

46
Q

rigidity/mental set

A

tendency to fall into established thought patterns (using past experiences to solve new problems)

47
Q

functional fixedness

A

inability to see a new function for an object

48
Q

confirmation bias

A

tendency to look for evidence that supports your beliefs and ignore evidence that goes against it

49
Q

framing

A

how a problem is presented

50
Q

convergent thinking

A

thinking pointed towards 1 solution

51
Q

divergent thinking

A

thinking pointed towards multiple solutions

ap psych (13 decks)

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