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ap psych > ch3 > Flashcards

ch3 Flashcards

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1
Q

neuroanatomy

A

study of parts and functions of neurons

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2
Q

neurons

A

individual nerve cells that make up the nervous system

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3
Q

dendrites

A

root like parts of the cell that grows out the body. makes synaptic connections with other neurons.

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4
Q

cell body/soma

A

contains the nucleus and other vital parts of the cell

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5
Q

axon

A

wire like structure that stretches from the cell body and leads to the terminal buttons

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6
Q

myelin sheath

A

fat that covers the axon of the neurons

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7
Q

terminal buttons

A

branched ends of axon that contains neurotransmitters

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8
Q

neurotransmitters

A

chemicals in terminal buttons that allow neurons to communicate. fits into receptor cites (dendrites)

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9
Q

synapse

A

space between terminal buttons of neuron a and dendrites of neuron b

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10
Q

threshold

A

(in ch3) minimum amount needed for a neuron to fire

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11
Q

action potential

A

when a neuron sends info (electric potential charges) down the axon.

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12
Q

all or nothing principle

A

states that a neuron either fires or it doesn’t. no in between

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13
Q

inhibitory neurotransmitters

A

prevents neurons from firing

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14
Q

excitatory neurotransmitters

A

encourages cells to fire

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15
Q

nervous system

A

made up of 2 sets of neurons (since neurons can only fire 1 direction)

one set fires towards the brain, the other fires from the brain towards the body

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16
Q

afferent/sensory neurons

A

takes info from nerves to brain

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17
Q

interneurons

A

takes info once it reaches the brain/spine and directs it to other parts of the brain or efferent neurons

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18
Q

efferent neurons

A

takes info from the brain to the rest of the body

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19
Q

central nervous system (CNS)

A

consists of the brain and spinal cord. located in the skull and vertebrae

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20
Q

peripheral nervous system (PNS)

A

all other nerves not encased in bone (divided into somatic and autonomic nervous system

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21
Q

somatic nervous system

A

controls voluntary muscle movements

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22
Q

autonomic nervous system

A

controls autonomic functions (heart lungs, internal organs). and is divided into the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems

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23
Q

sympathetic nervous systems

A

controls the body;s response to stress (flight or flight). slows down other functions (like digestion) to conserve energy

24
Q

parasympathetic nervous system

A

slows down sympathetic nervous system after sttress

25
Q

reflexes

A

reactions that are not being controlled by the brain

26
Q

accidents

A

method of studying the brain. major accidents that damage the brain and cause certain behaviors can be cross-referenced to pre-accident behaviors

27
Q

lesions/lesioning

A

removal/destruction of the brain (lobotomies)

28
Q

electroencephalogram (EEG)

A

machine that detects brain waves (and how it changes)

29
Q

computerized axial tomography (CAT/CT scan)

A

uses x-ray cameras to take a 3d picture of the brain and turns it into a detailed 3d image.

30
Q

magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

A

gives a detailed 3d image using magnetic fields

31
Q

positron emission tomography (PET scan)

A

measures how much of a chemical a part of the brain is using

(used to see what parts of the brain are most active during certain tasks.)

32
Q

functional MRI (fMRI)

A

combines MRI (magnetic fields) and PET (chemical detection) scans

can show brain structure & blood flow during certain tasks

33
Q

hindbrain

A

located at top of spinal cord & controls basic biological functions. contains medulla, pons, and cerebellum

34
Q

medulla

A

controls blood pressure, heart rate & breathing.

35
Q

pons

A

located above medulla, connects hindbrain with midbrain and forebrain and is used when making facial expressions

36
Q

midbrain

A

above spinal cord but below forebrain. coordinates muscle movements & sensory info.

37
Q

reticular formation

A

net-like connection of cells in the midbrain. controls arousal & ability to focus.

if this does not function, then you will fall into a coma

38
Q

forebrain

A

largest part of the brain. Controls thought & reason. contains the thalamus. hypothalamus. amygdala, and hippocampus

39
Q

thalamus

A

located on top of brain step. receives sensory signals & sends them to other part of the forebrain

40
Q

hypothalamus

A

located next to thalamus. responsible for metabolic functions (hunger, thirst, body temp, libido, endocrine system)

41
Q

amygdala & hippocampus

A

hippocampuses are the arms surrounding the thalamus, and the amygdala are located at the ends of each arm.

The hippocampus is important for memory (it redirects memories to parts of the cerebral cortex), and amygdala is important for experiencing emotion.

42
Q

cerebral cortex

A

wrinkled surface of the brain. is 1 mm of densely packed neurons that gradually connect with each other as you grow.

has 8 different lobes (4 in each hemisphere)
(frontal lobe, parietal love, temporal lobe, occipital lobe)

43
Q

hemispheres

A

cerebral cortexes are divided into left & right hemispheres

44
Q

left hemisphere

A

gets sensory info and controls the right half of the body

45
Q

right hemispheres

A

gets sensory info and controls the left half of the body

46
Q

brain lateralization/hemisphere specialization

A

for there to be specializations in function in different hemispheres

47
Q

frontal lobe (location + function)

A

located behind the eyes, and plays a major role in memory, abstract thought, and directing the thought process

48
Q

motor cortex (location + function)

A

vertical strip behind the frontal lobe. controls voluntary movement.

the top of the body is controlled by the bottom of the cortex and vice versa

49
Q

parietal lobes (location + function)

A

located behind frontal lobes. contains sensory cortex/somatosensory cortex.

50
Q

sensory/somatosensory cortex (location + function)

A

vertical strip behind the motor cortex. receives incoming touch sensations from the body.

the top of the cortex receives info from bottom of the body, and vice versa.

51
Q

occipital lobes (location + function)

A

located at back of brain. processes messages from eyes (retinas). the left half of the retina is processed in the left occipital lobe, and vice versa.

52
Q

temporal lobe

A

processes sound sensed by the ears. ears turn sound into neural impulses, where they are interpreted by the auditory cotices.

53
Q

wernicke’s area

A

processes written & spoken speech

54
Q

brain plasticity

A

brain is slightly elastic. parts of the brain can adapt to perform other functions if parts of the brain are damaged. The younger a person is, the more likely this is to happen.

55
Q

endocrine system

A

system of glands that secrete hormones that affect some biological processes.
controlled by hypothalamus

56
Q

adrenal glands (autonomic nervous system)

A

produces adrenaline, which triggers fight or flight.

57
Q

ovaries/testes

A

produces sex hormones

ap psych (13 decks)

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