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ap psych > ch5 > Flashcards

ch5 Flashcards

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1
Q

transduction

A

stimuli are turned into neutral impulses

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2
Q

sensory adaptation

A

decreasing response to stimuli due to constant stimulation

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3
Q

sensory habituation

A

perception of stimuli is partially due to how much you focus on them

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4
Q

cocktail party phenomena

A

perceiving stimuli can be both voluntary & involuntary

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5
Q

sensation

A

activation of senses

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6
Q

perception

A

process of understanding sensations

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7
Q

energy senses

A

vision, hearing, touch

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8
Q

trichromatic theory

A

states that there are 3 types of cones in the retina (cones that detect red, blue & green)

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9
Q

opponent process theory

A

(explains color blindness & afterimages)
states that sensory receptors in the retina come in pairs (red/green, yellow/blue, black/white)
and when one sensory is stimulated, it prevents the other from firing

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10
Q

amplitude

A

height of wave, determines vollume

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11
Q

frequency

A

length of wave, determines pitch

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12
Q

ossicles (small bones in ears)

A

hammer, anvil, stirup

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13
Q

cochlea

A

snail shell like structure that is filled with fluids

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14
Q

basilar membrane

A

floor of cochlea, filled with hair cells connected to organ of corti

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15
Q

organ of corti

A

neurons activated by movement of hair cells

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16
Q

place theory

A

theorizes that hairs in the cochlea respond to different pitches depending on where they are located in the cochlea

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17
Q

frequency theory

A

pitch is sensed because hair fires at different rates in the cochlea

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18
Q

conduction deafness

A

deafness that is caused when something is wrong with conducting sound to the cochlea

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19
Q

nerve/sensorineural deafness

A

deafness that is caused when hair in the cochlea is damaged

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20
Q

gate control theory

A

touch theory. states that some pain messages have higher priority when passing through the “gate”

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21
Q

chemical senses

A

taste, smell

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22
Q

taste/gustation

A

chemicals from food are absorbed by taste buds

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23
Q

smell/olfaction

A

absorbs molecules of substances that rise into the air

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24
Q

body position senses

A

vestibular sense, kinesthetic sense

25
Q

vestibular sense

A

tells how body is oriented

26
Q

kinesthetic sense

A

tells how specific parts of the body are oriented

27
Q

absolute threshold

A

the minimum amount of stimulation needed before the body can detect it

28
Q

difference threshold

A

how much a stimulus needs to change before a difference can be noticed

29
Q

just-noticeable difference

A

smaller amount of change in a stimulus before change is detected

30
Q

weber’s law/Weber-Fechner’s law

A

states that the amount of change needed is proportional to the original intensity of the stimulus

31
Q

signal detection theory

A

theorizes the intensity of the stimulus + the physical/psychological state of the person determines whether or not a person can process the stimulus

32
Q

top down processing

A

when background knowledge is used to fill gaps about what is perceived

33
Q

schemata

A

how you expect the world to be likeperce

34
Q

perceptual set

A

the tendency to perceive something in a certain way

35
Q

bottom up processing/feature analysis

A

uses individual characteristics of an object to create a complete perception

36
Q

figure ground relationship

A

brain deciding what part of the image is the figure and what is the background

37
Q

gestalt rules

A

states that people are more likely to process images as groups.
proximity, similarity, continuity, closure

38
Q

proximity

A

objects that are close together are more likely to be perceived as belonging in the same grounp

39
Q

similarity

A

objects similar in appearance are likely to be perceived as the same group

40
Q

continuity

A

objects that are arranged in a particular pattern are more likely to be perceived as belonging in the same group

41
Q

closure

A

objects that make up a recognizable image share more likely to be perceived as belonging in the same group.

42
Q

constancy

A

the ability to maintain a constant perception of an object despite changes in angle, light, etc

43
Q

size constancy

A

when objects are perceived to be the same size despite changes caused by the distance a person is from it.

44
Q

shape constancy

A

when objects are perceived to be the same shape despite being looked at from a different angle

45
Q

brightness constancy

A

when objects are perceived to be a constant color(s) despite the amount of light.

46
Q

perceived motion

A

when a brain perceives something as moving when its not

47
Q

stroboscope effectt

A

still pictures presented at a certain speed will appear to be moving

48
Q

phi phenomenom

A

a series of lights turned on and off at a particular rate will cause it to appear as one moving light

49
Q

autokinetic effect

A

if people stare at spots of light in a dark room, they will see the spots move even if there is no movement

50
Q

monocular cues

A

depth cues that can be perceived without 2 eyes

51
Q

linear perspective

A

a series of parallel lines that connect at a single vanishing point to create the illusion of depth

52
Q

relative size cue

A

the close an object is to the viewer, the bigger it is

53
Q

interposition cue

A

objects that block other objects are closer

54
Q

texture gradient

A

the closer an object is to the viewer, the more detailed it is

55
Q

shadows

A

implies a light source

56
Q

binocular cues

A

depth cues that require 2 eyes

57
Q

binocular/retinal disparity

A

each eye sees a slightly different angle of an image, and the brain combines the images to detect depth

58
Q

convergence

A

as an object gets closer, the eyes must converge (move) to perceive it. the brain takes into account the amount of movement in order to perceive depth.

ap psych (13 decks)

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