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ap psych > ch2 > Flashcards

ch2 Flashcards

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1
Q

positive skew

A

graph with mostly low scores, few high scores

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2
Q

negative skew

A

graph mostly high scores, with a few low ones.

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3
Q

measures of variability

A

range, standard deviation, variance

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4
Q

z-score

A

how far away a score is from the mean score. (measured in standard deviations)
used when comparing results from different graphs/studies

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5
Q

normal curve

A

bell shaped curve with predetermined area

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6
Q

inferential statistics

A

determines whether or not a study’s findings can be applied to a larger population

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7
Q

correlation coefficient

A

how strong or weak the relationship between 2 things are. 0 means no relation

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8
Q

correlation

A

expresses a relationship between two variables without considering that one was caused by another

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9
Q

positive correlation

A

(+1) how much something predicts another thing

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10
Q

negative correlation

A

(-1) how much something predicts the absence of something

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11
Q

scatter plot

A

graph with random points (results) scattered across

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12
Q

line of best fit/ regression line

A

a line that is minimal distance from all points

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13
Q

p value

A

probability of results being caused by chance (minimum 0.05 to be considered statistically significant)

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14
Q

statistical significance

A

how accurate something is (minimum 0.05)

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15
Q

International Review Board (IRB)

A

ethics board, responsible for approving any potential studies.

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16
Q

coercion

A

bribing/blackmailing someone into participating in the study

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17
Q

informed consent

A

telling participants what they are consenting to

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18
Q

anonymity

A

participant identities will not be published

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19
Q

confidentiality

A

participants may not anonymous, but results will not be connected to any participants.

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20
Q

debriefing

A

occurs at the end, where participants are informed about what the experiment was about, and how to reach out to get results.

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21
Q

hindsight bias

A

when people hear something new and believe that they knew it all along

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22
Q

applied research

A

research with clear practical applications

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23
Q

basic research

A

research that targets an area of interest with no immediate real world applications

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24
Q

hypothesis

A

expresses a relationship between two variables (predicts what will happen)

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25
Q

variable

A

things that can vary among participants

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26
Q

independent variables

A

variables that aren’t affected by other variables

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27
Q

dependant variable

A

variables that can change depending on the independent variables

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28
Q

theory

A

potential explanation to certain phenomenon

29
Q

operationalizing variables

A

how variables will be measured/considered (ex. at what point will a video game be considered violent)

30
Q

reliability

A

research is reliable if it can be replicated

31
Q

validity

A

research is valid if its accurate and measures what the researcher set out to measure

32
Q

sampling

A

picking out participants for an experiment

33
Q

sample

A

used in research to represent a larger population

34
Q

random sampling

A

equal chances for everyone; ex. computer generation, table of random numbers, etc.

35
Q

stratified sampling

A

random sampling but it’s proportional to the population. the population is divided based off certain criteria (race, height, gender, etc) before random sampling.

36
Q

representative sampling

A

sample of a larger group that accurately represents the characteristics of the larger group

37
Q

laboratory experiments

A

conducted in lab/highly controlled environment. causal relationships can be shown here

38
Q

field experiments

A

conducted in real world

39
Q

causal relationships

A

when one thing directly causes another thing (cause-effect relationship)

40
Q

confounding variables

A

any variables that can affect both independent and dependant variables. can cause error in experiments, and make it difficult to see causal relationships

41
Q

participant relevant confounding variables

A

any characteristics of participants that may skew results

42
Q

random assignment

A

method of assigning participants to control & experimental groups as to prevent preexisting characteristics of participants affecting experiment.

43
Q

group matching

A

organizing groups based off certain criteria (age, sex, height, gender, etc.)

44
Q

experimenter bias

A

when the experimenter unconsciously treats the two groups differently in order to increase chances of a hypothesis being true

45
Q

double blind procedure

A

when neither the experimenter or participant can significantly affect results

46
Q

single blind procedure

A

where participants don’t know which group they have been assigned to

47
Q

demand characteristics

A

cues about the purpose of the experiment that can affect participants response

48
Q

response/participants/subject bias

A

a tendency for participants to respond in certain ways

49
Q

social desirability

A

type of response bias, is a tendency to pick/give answers that reflect well upon them

50
Q

experiment group

A

affected by independent variable

51
Q

control group

A

not affected by independent variable

52
Q

Hawthorne effect

A

people act in certain ways just because they know they are in an experiment

53
Q

placebo effect

A

when participants display symptoms of certain substances after taking a fake substance; the symptoms are caused by expectations alone

54
Q

counterbalancing

A

used to prevent order effects: using participants as their own control group

55
Q

order effects

A

doing something better just because the participant has done it more than once

56
Q

survey method

A

asking people to fill out surveys. no dependant or independent variables, and variables cannot be manipulated. But, participants relevant confounding variables can no longer be controlled.N

57
Q

aturalistic ovservation

A

observing participants in their natural habitat without any interaction.

58
Q

case studies

A

detailed report on one or a small group of individuals. cannot be generalized. (usually used for info about a specific disorder.

59
Q

descriptive statistics

A

summarizes information, describes a set of data

60
Q

frequency distribution can be turned to…

A

histograms (bar graphs or (frequency polygons (line graph)

61
Q

Mean

A

average of all scores

62
Q

median

A

center score (middle score when all scores are arranged in a line)

63
Q

mode

A

score that appears most frequently

64
Q

extreme scores/outliers

A

a score (or group of scores) that is significantly above/below average. Can skew graphs

65
Q

symmetrical distribution

A

graph with no major skews

66
Q

range

A

distance between highest & lowest scores in a distribution

67
Q

variance

A

measurement of how far each number from a graph is from average (mean)

68
Q

standard deviation

A

how spread out the data in a graph is in relation to the mean. calculated as (square root of variance)

low standard deviation means data points are clustered together, high standard deviation means data is more spread out.

ap psych (13 decks)

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