ch6 Flashcards
classical conditioning
mammals can learn to associate neutral stimuli (stimuli that don’t cause reactions) with stimuli that produces involuntary responses (US/Unconditioned Stimuli).
Unconditioned response (UR/UCR)
involuntary responses to stimuli
Unconditioned Stimuli (US/UCS)
stimuli that can cause involuntary responses
conditioned response
unnatural responses achieved through association and training
conditioned stimulus
formerly neutral stimulus that causes a conditional response
learning/acquisition
occurs once animals respond to conditioned stimulus without presentation of Unconditioned stimulus
delayed conditioning
when conditioned stimulus is presented first, followed by Unconditioned stimulus
trace conditioning
when conditioned stimulus is presented, followed by a break before presenting Unconditioned stimulus
simultaneous conditioning
when conditioned stimulus & Unconditioned stimulus are presented at the same time
backward conditioning
when Unconditioned stimulus is presented first, followed by conditioned stimulus
extinction
when conditioned stimulus no longer causes conditioned response
spontaneous recovery
(after extinction) when conditioned stimulus causes conditioned response
generalization
when patients respond to stimuli that are similar to conditioned stimulus
discrimination
when patients can differentiate between conditioned stimulus and similar stimulus
aversive conditioning
when something is conditioned to have a negative response to conditioned stimulus
second/higher order conditioning
when a new stimulus is presented after CS causes CR to cause the same CR to a new stimuli
learned taste aversions
avoiding certain foods due to nausea
salient
strong, intense stimuli
Garcia effect
taste aversions develop quicker when paired with nausea then any other negative feeling
operant conditioning
learning based of association with consequences to ones behavior
law of effect
behavior will increase if consequences are pleasant, and behavior will decrease if consequences are unpleasant
skinner box
a box that has a way too deliver food to an animal through a switch/button an animal can interact with.
positive reinforcement
addition of something positive
negative reinforcement
removal of something negative
escape learning
behavior learned that allows someone to escape a negative stimulus
avoidance learning
learning to avoid a negative stimulus altogether
punishment
consequences that makes a behavior less likely
positive punishment
addition of something unpleasant
negative punishment
removal of something pleasant
shaping
reinforces steps needed to reach desired behavior
chaining
learning to perform a number of responses successfully in exchange for a reward
primary reinforcers
things that people naturally find rewarding (food, water, rest)
secondary reinforcers
reinforcers that people have learned to value (video games, tv, etc)
generalized reinforcer
type of secondary reinforcer that can be exchanged for other reinforcers (money)
token economy
when tokens that can be exchanged for other reinforcers are given as a reward for good behavior
continuous reinforcement
when certain behavior is rewarded every single time
partial reinforcement
rewarding after a certain amount of responses
partial reinforcement effect
behavior will be more resistant to extinction when partial reinforcement is used
reinforcement schedules
(Fixed Ratio/ Fixed Interval/ Variable Ratio/ Variable Interval)
fixed ratio (FR)
when reinforcement is given after a set number of responses
variable ratio (VR)
when reinforcement is given after a varying amount of responses
fixed interval (FI)
when reinforcement is given once a response is made after a certain amount of time
variable interval (VI)
when reinforcement is given once a response is made after a varying amount of time
instinctive drift
when animals abandon rewards to pursue an instinctive behavior
pavlovian/contiguity model
hypothesizes that the more times 2 things are paired, the greater the learning that takes place
contingency model
states that learning is dependant on how reliably CS can cause US
observational learning/modeling
(2 parts- observation & imitation)
people observe someone before imitating their behavior
latent learning (latent=hidden)
latent learning is any behaviors that are learned but are not shown due to lack of reinforcement
abstract learning
understanding concepts instead of learning basic instructions
insight learning
when someone suddenly realizes how to solve a problem
