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Microbiology > Ch.8 > Flashcards

Ch.8 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Genetics

A

study of what gene are, how they carry information, how info is expressed and how genes are replicated

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2
Q

Gene

A

a segment of DNA that encodes a functional product, usually a protein

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3
Q

Chromosome

A

structure containing DNA and the genes

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4
Q

Genome

A

all the genetic information in a cell

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5
Q

Genomics

A

molecular study of genomes

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6
Q

Genotype

A

the genes of an organism

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7
Q

Phenotype

A

expression of genes

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8
Q

Expression

A

genetic info is used within a cell to produced proteins needed

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9
Q

Recombination

A

genetic information can be transferred horizontally between cells of the same generation

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10
Q

Replication

A

genetic information can be transferred vertically to the next generation of cells

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11
Q

Adenine

A

combines with Thymine

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12
Q

Guanine

A

combines with Cytosine

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13
Q

Cytosine

A

combines with Guanin

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14
Q

Thymine

A

combines with Adenine

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15
Q

Dna Synthesis Occurs

A

At the 5 prime to 3 prime direction , started by RNA primers that make chunks of 5-10 strands, then DNA polymerase takes that and builds for it , the leading strand is made continuously because it can only add at the 3 prime end and it needs to maintain the structure because of this the lagging strand is made in pieces (okazaki fragments) because it is being made from the 3 to 5 . It has to keep the antiparallel structure A hydroxyl group is needed at te 3 prime position in order to build .
It is built in the 5 to 3 prime direction, and read in the 3 to 5 prime direction (template) in order to keep the anit parallel nature of the duplex
Called the trombone model

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16
Q

Dna replication process consists of

A

Replication enzymes break weak hydrogen bonds between nucleotides and the double helix separates
Hydrogen bonds form between new complementary nucleotides
Enzymes then catalyze the formation of sugar-phosphate bonds between sequential nucleotides on each resulting daughter strand

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17
Q

nucleotide

A

A nucleoside triphosphate bonds to sugar and loses two phosphate, the hydrolysis of the phosphate bonds gives energy to the reaction

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18
Q

DNA Gyrase

A

enzyme that relaxes tension ahead of the replication fork

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19
Q

DNA Ligase

A

makes covalent bonds to DNA strands, joins Okazaki fragments and new segments in excision repair

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20
Q

DNA polymerase

A

Synthesizes DNA, proofreads and repairs DNA , copies DNA

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21
Q

Helicase

A

unwinds double stranded DNA , opens up the structure to begin with

22
Q

RNA Primase

A

an RNA polymerase that makes RNA primers from a DNA template , the helpers of dna polymerase

23
Q

Topoisomerase

A

also Relaxes supercoiling ahead the replication for, separates DNA circles at the end of the DNA replication

24
Q

So how does the trombone model work with all these enzymes

A

So essentially Helicase and other enzymes unwind the double helix while proteins stabilize the unwound dna, the leading strand is synthesized by DNA Polymerase with the help of RNA primers, DNA ligase joins the okazaki fragments in the lagging strand. DNA gyrase and topoisomerase ease tension ahead of the replication fork before it unwinds.

25
Q

Dna replication is circular and happens in two directions , what is this called?

A

bidirectional replication

26
Q

Codon

A

a set of 3 nucleotides in mRNA that codes for an amino acid or stop signal
Starts at the start codon AUG (codes for amino acids) and ends at nonsense codons, UAA, UAG, UGA

27
Q

How many codons in mRNA and how many amino acids

A

61 sense codons, 20 amino acids , 3 codons are nonsense codons (stop signals)

28
Q

What does it mean to say that the genetic code is degerate?

A

because some amino acids have more than one codon

29
Q

polyribosome

A

Rna+ ribosome

30
Q

Constitutive genes

A

are expressed at a fixed rate, like the genes involved in Glycolysis
Other genes are expressed only as needed

31
Q

Inducible genes

A

are off and must be on

32
Q

Repressible genes

A

on and must be turned off

33
Q

Catabolite repression aka Glucose effect

A

inhibition of alt carbon sources by glucose , no glucose? Lag time for genes to turn off for lactose to be used instead
Graph showing e coli grows fast on glucose, but will use lactose if needed at the cost of longer spawn time

34
Q

Mutation

A

alteration of nucleotide sequences, can happen spontaneously or in the presence of mutages, base changes additions, or deletions are different types

35
Q

Mutagen

A

is an agent that causes mutations increases rate to 10^-5 or 10^-2 per replicated gene ie 10 to 1000x

36
Q

Spontaneous mutation

A

occurs in the absence of a mutagen 1 in 10^9 for replicated base pairs or 1 in 10^6 for replicated genes

37
Q

Point mutation/base substitution

A

change in one base

38
Q

Missense mutation

A

consequence of a point mutation result in change of an amino acid

39
Q

Nonsense Mutation

A

consequence of a point mutation where it results in a nonsense codon (stop codon)

40
Q

Frame mutation

A

insertion or deletion of one or more nucleotides pairs causing a shift in the reading frame, bigger chance of something serious happening

41
Q

Radiation

A

causes formation of ions that can mess with nucleotides and deoxyribose phosphate backbone

42
Q

Uv radiation

A

causes thymine dimers (lesoins in the DNA)
So repair comes in, photolysis separate thymine dimers caused by UV radiation
There is also nucleotide excision repair

43
Q

Vertical gene transfer

A

occurs during reproduction between generation of cells

44
Q

Horizontal gene transfer

A

the transfer of genes between cells of same gen

45
Q

Genetic recombination

A

Exchange of genes between two DNA molecules occurs when two chromosomes break and rejoin Donor DNA → Receipts
Species that can do this are competent Naked dna

46
Q

conjugation

A

A plasmid is sent from a donor F+ to recipient F-, the F- is converted to an F+ cell,, through the mating bridge or sex pilus

47
Q

plasmid

A

a small circular piece of DNA found in bacterial cells

48
Q

bacterialphage

A

Another way that it can be done is via bacterial viruses called bacterialphage
Phage DNA can combine to the host cell DNA this is transduction

49
Q

specific transduction

A

Viruses can specify which gene they want to change

50
Q

Transposons

A

segments of DNA that can move from one region to another , contain insertion sequences for cutting and resealing DNA

Microbiology (19 decks)

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