Ch 1,2,3,4 Review Flashcards
Prokaryotes
non membrane-bound nucleus, non Membrane-bound organelles
Eukaryotes
Multicellular membrane-bound organelles, membrane-bound nucleus, Membrane-bound organelles
Archaea
prokaryotic cell type, live in extreme environments
Fungi
eukaryotic cell type, yeast is unicellular, molds and mushroom are multicellular
Protozoa
eukaryotic cell type, absorb or ingest organic chemicals
Algae
eukaryotic cell type, use photosynthesis, produce oxygen
Viruses
neither prokaryotic nor eukaryotic, consists or RNA or DNA , only replicated on a host
Rudolf Virchow
said cells arise from preexisting cells
Cell theory
All living things are composed of cells and come from preexisting cells
Anton Van Leeuwenhoek
described live microorganisms, in letters to the royal society of london using a self made cope
Spontaneous generation
The hypothesis that living organisms arise from nonliving matter
Biogenesis
hypothesis that life comes from other life
Louis Pasteur
considered the father of microbiology, he provided evidence to biogenesis through his experiment that proved that microorganisms are present in the air
Joseph Lister
who used a disinfectant for surgery is the father of antisepsis
Edward jenner
basically made the first form of a vaccine, who gave someone cowpoxto protext someone from smallpox
Alexander Fleming
made the first antibiotic, penicillin
isotopes
an element with different number of neutrons
Ionic bonds
formed when the electron of one atom is given to another, because of this, the number of protons are still the same, resulting in a charged molecule
Covalent bonds
form when two atoms share one or more pair of elections
hydrogen bond
hydrogen atom is covalently indeed to an O or N atom, but is also attracted to another N or O atom in another molecule
Endergonic
reactions absorb energy
Exergonic
reactions release energy
Synthesis reactions
are when atoms, ions, or molecules combine to form larger molecules
Anabolism
when synthesis of molecules occur in a cell
Decomposition
reactions occur when a molecule is split into smaller molecules. Ions. or atoms.
Catabolism
when decomposition reactions occur in a cell
Acid
substance that dissociate into one or more with H+ ions
Donates proton or receives an electron pair in reactions
Base
a chemical that donates electrons, accepts protons, or releases hydroxide (OH-) ions in aqueous solution
Salts
substances dissociate into cations (positive ions) and anions (negative ions) neither is H or OH-
What elements make up most organisms
oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and sulfur
Macromolecules
polymers consisting of many small repeating molecules. with the smaller molecules being called monomers.
four major classes of Macromolecules
carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids
Carbohydrates
Necessary for cell structures and energy sources
Consists of Carbon, hydrogen and Oxygen
Lipids
Mainly in cell membranes
Consists of Cargon, Hydrogen and Oxygen
Are nonpolar and insoluble in water
Proteins
Essential in cell structure and function
Enzymes speed up chemical reactions , transporter proteins move chemical across membranes
Proteins are made of subunits called amino acids
Nucleic Acids
Consists of Nucleotides which are made of pentose (Phosphate group 1,2,3) with a nitrogen containing purine or pyrimidine base
compound microscope
where the the image from the objective lens is magnified again by the ocular lens. we used these.
Resolution
ability of the lenses to distinguish two points
Refractive index
the measure of the light-bending ability of a medium.
Light may bend in the air and miss high magnification lens, this is where oil immersion comes into play
Fluorescence Microscopy
UV light is absorbed by substances and emit visible light
Cells may be stained with fluorescent dyes (Fluorochromes)
Two-photon Microscopy
Cells are stained with fluorochrome dyes, with two photons of long-wavelength red light are used to excite the dyes
Scanning Acoustic Microscopy (SAM)
Measures sound waves that are reflected back from an object
Used to study cells attached to a surface
electron Microscopy
Uses electrons instead of light, the shorter wavelength of electrons gives greater resolution
Scanned-Probe Microscopy (STM)
uses a metal probe to scan a specimen, resolution at 1/100 of an atom.
Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM)
uses a metal-and-diamond probe inserted into the specimen
Produces three-dimensional images
Smear
a thin film of a solution of microbes on a slide
basic dye
the chromophore is a cation, so they tend to attach to bacteria which have negatively charged cell walls
acidic dye
chromophore is an anion
Negative staining
when you stain the background instead of the cell
simple stain
a single basic dye
mordant
may be used to hold the stain or coat the specimen to enlarge it
Differential stains
used to distinguish between bacteria, such are the gram stain and acid-fast stain
gram-positive bacteria
tend to be killed by penicillin and detergent (looks purple). Peptidoglycan linked by polypeptides, 2 ring basal body
gram-negative bacteria
is more resistant to antibiotics (looks pink) there is a layer of peptidoglycan in between the inner and outer membrane, 4 ring basal body.
Acid-fast stain
Stained waxy cell wall is not decolorized by acid-alcohol
When used 3 acid-fast stains you get red/hot pink for an acid fast microbe , and a blue for a non acid fast
Special stains
used to distinguish parts of cell
monomorphic
one shape bacteria
pleomorphic
multi shape bacteria
Bacillus
rod shape
Coccus
spherical
Strept
Chain
Staphyl
cluster
Di
two
Glycocalyx
outside the cell wall, sticky, and slime layer capsule, can be used as a source of nutrition when energy stores are low. Prevents phagocytosis
Flagella
helps it move, made of chains of flagellin, attached via a protein hook, anchored to wall and membrane by the basal body
Motile cells
rotate their flagella to run and tumble, move away from or toward stimuli (taxes)
Endoflagella aka axial Filaments
are found in spirochetes are anchored on one end of the cell, and rotation of it causes the cell to move
Pili
help transfer DNA from one cell to another by bringing the cells together to form a conjugtion bridge
Gliding motility
is smooth pilin retraction
twitching motility
short jerky movement
Cell wall
prevents osmotic lysis and is made of peptidoglycan
Peptidoglycan
is a polymer of disaccharide
plasma membrane
phospholipid bilayer, peripheral proteins, ntegral proteins, transmembrane proteins , select permeability
Simple diffusion
movement of a solute from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration. simple diffusion through the lipid bilayer is one way things are transported (Solute)
Facilitated diffusion
when a transported protein combines with a solvent (solute)
Osmosis
The movement of water from a selectively permeable membrane from an area of high water concentration to an area of low water concentration. (Solvent)
Osmotic pressure
s the pressure needed to stop the movement of water across the membrane
isotonic solution
not net movement of water occurs
hypotonic solution
water moves into the cell, which may cause swelling and burst (osmotic lysis)
hypertonic solution
water moves out of ell, causing it to shrink (plasmolysis)
active transport
requires requires a transporter protein and ATP for movement against the concentration gradient
group translocation
requires transporter protein and PEP (prokaryotic exclusive) special type of active transport
nucleoid
bacterial chromosome
Endospores
tough non reproductive structures made by some bacteria and are resting cells in a dormant state, very resistant to desiccation, heat, chemicals,
Sporulation
endospore formation, where isolated replicated DNA and some cytoplasms is breaks off
Germination
returning to a vegetative state, active, grows and reproduces
Phagocytosis
process where pseudopods extend and engulf particles
Pinocytosis
process where membrane folds inward, bringing in fluid and dissolved substances
Cytoplasmic streaming
he movement of cytoplasm throughout the cells
80S ribosomes
membrane bound and attach to Endoplasmic Reticulum
70S ribosomes
are in chloroplasts and mitochondria
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
Rough component does protein synthesis, processing and sorting of proteins
Smooth ER
- phospholipid, fat, steroid synthesis; can biotransformation drugs and other chemicals and release calcium.
Golgi complex
collection and packaging of material to distribution of materials to different parts of cell, makes cell wall components, addition or modification of short chain of sugar to form glycoproteins and glycolipids with detail from ER or modify them made by ER
Endosymbiosis
hypothesis process by which prokaryotes gave rise to the first eukaryotic cells is known as endosymbiosis. Eukaryotic cells are believed to have evolved from early prokaryotes that were engulfed by phagocytosis
