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Microbiology > Ch 1,2,3,4 Review > Flashcards

Ch 1,2,3,4 Review Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Prokaryotes

A

non membrane-bound nucleus, non Membrane-bound organelles

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2
Q

Eukaryotes

A

Multicellular membrane-bound organelles, membrane-bound nucleus, Membrane-bound organelles

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3
Q

Archaea

A

prokaryotic cell type, live in extreme environments

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4
Q

Fungi

A

eukaryotic cell type, yeast is unicellular, molds and mushroom are multicellular

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5
Q

Protozoa

A

eukaryotic cell type, absorb or ingest organic chemicals

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6
Q

Algae

A

eukaryotic cell type, use photosynthesis, produce oxygen

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7
Q

Viruses

A

neither prokaryotic nor eukaryotic, consists or RNA or DNA , only replicated on a host

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8
Q

Rudolf Virchow

A

said cells arise from preexisting cells

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9
Q

Cell theory

A

All living things are composed of cells and come from preexisting cells

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10
Q

Anton Van Leeuwenhoek

A

described live microorganisms, in letters to the royal society of london using a self made cope

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11
Q

Spontaneous generation

A

The hypothesis that living organisms arise from nonliving matter

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12
Q

Biogenesis

A

hypothesis that life comes from other life

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13
Q

Louis Pasteur

A

considered the father of microbiology, he provided evidence to biogenesis through his experiment that proved that microorganisms are present in the air

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14
Q

Joseph Lister

A

who used a disinfectant for surgery is the father of antisepsis

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15
Q

Edward jenner

A

basically made the first form of a vaccine, who gave someone cowpoxto protext someone from smallpox

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16
Q

Alexander Fleming

A

made the first antibiotic, penicillin

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17
Q

isotopes

A

an element with different number of neutrons

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18
Q

Ionic bonds

A

formed when the electron of one atom is given to another, because of this, the number of protons are still the same, resulting in a charged molecule

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19
Q

Covalent bonds

A

form when two atoms share one or more pair of elections

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20
Q

hydrogen bond

A

hydrogen atom is covalently indeed to an O or N atom, but is also attracted to another N or O atom in another molecule

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21
Q

Endergonic

A

reactions absorb energy

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22
Q

Exergonic

A

reactions release energy

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23
Q

Synthesis reactions

A

are when atoms, ions, or molecules combine to form larger molecules

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24
Q

Anabolism

A

when synthesis of molecules occur in a cell

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25
Q

Decomposition

A

reactions occur when a molecule is split into smaller molecules. Ions. or atoms.

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26
Q

Catabolism

A

when decomposition reactions occur in a cell

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27
Q

Acid

A

substance that dissociate into one or more with H+ ions

Donates proton or receives an electron pair in reactions

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28
Q

Base

A

a chemical that donates electrons, accepts protons, or releases hydroxide (OH-) ions in aqueous solution

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29
Q

Salts

A

substances dissociate into cations (positive ions) and anions (negative ions) neither is H or OH-

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30
Q

What elements make up most organisms

A

oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and sulfur

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31
Q

Macromolecules

A

polymers consisting of many small repeating molecules. with the smaller molecules being called monomers.

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32
Q

four major classes of Macromolecules

A

carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids

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33
Q

Carbohydrates

A

Necessary for cell structures and energy sources

Consists of Carbon, hydrogen and Oxygen

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34
Q

Lipids

A

Mainly in cell membranes
Consists of Cargon, Hydrogen and Oxygen
Are nonpolar and insoluble in water

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35
Q

Proteins

A

Essential in cell structure and function
Enzymes speed up chemical reactions , transporter proteins move chemical across membranes
Proteins are made of subunits called amino acids

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36
Q

Nucleic Acids

A

Consists of Nucleotides which are made of pentose (Phosphate group 1,2,3) with a nitrogen containing purine or pyrimidine base

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37
Q

compound microscope

A

where the the image from the objective lens is magnified again by the ocular lens. we used these.

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38
Q

Resolution

A

ability of the lenses to distinguish two points

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39
Q

Refractive index

A

the measure of the light-bending ability of a medium.

Light may bend in the air and miss high magnification lens, this is where oil immersion comes into play

40
Q

Fluorescence Microscopy

A

UV light is absorbed by substances and emit visible light

Cells may be stained with fluorescent dyes (Fluorochromes)

41
Q

Two-photon Microscopy

A

Cells are stained with fluorochrome dyes, with two photons of long-wavelength red light are used to excite the dyes

42
Q

Scanning Acoustic Microscopy (SAM)

A

Measures sound waves that are reflected back from an object

Used to study cells attached to a surface

43
Q

electron Microscopy

A

Uses electrons instead of light, the shorter wavelength of electrons gives greater resolution

44
Q

Scanned-Probe Microscopy (STM)

A

uses a metal probe to scan a specimen, resolution at 1/100 of an atom.

45
Q

Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM)

A

uses a metal-and-diamond probe inserted into the specimen

Produces three-dimensional images

46
Q

Smear

A

a thin film of a solution of microbes on a slide

47
Q

basic dye

A

the chromophore is a cation, so they tend to attach to bacteria which have negatively charged cell walls

48
Q

acidic dye

A

chromophore is an anion

49
Q

Negative staining

A

when you stain the background instead of the cell

50
Q

simple stain

A

a single basic dye

51
Q

mordant

A

may be used to hold the stain or coat the specimen to enlarge it

52
Q

Differential stains

A

used to distinguish between bacteria, such are the gram stain and acid-fast stain

53
Q

gram-positive bacteria

A

tend to be killed by penicillin and detergent (looks purple). Peptidoglycan linked by polypeptides, 2 ring basal body

54
Q

gram-negative bacteria

A

is more resistant to antibiotics (looks pink) there is a layer of peptidoglycan in between the inner and outer membrane, 4 ring basal body.

55
Q

Acid-fast stain

A

Stained waxy cell wall is not decolorized by acid-alcohol

When used 3 acid-fast stains you get red/hot pink for an acid fast microbe , and a blue for a non acid fast

56
Q

Special stains

A

used to distinguish parts of cell

57
Q

monomorphic

A

one shape bacteria

58
Q

pleomorphic

A

multi shape bacteria

59
Q

Bacillus

A

rod shape

60
Q

Coccus

A

spherical

61
Q

Strept

A

Chain

62
Q

Staphyl

A

cluster

63
Q

Di

A

two

64
Q

Glycocalyx

A

outside the cell wall, sticky, and slime layer capsule, can be used as a source of nutrition when energy stores are low. Prevents phagocytosis

65
Q

Flagella

A

helps it move, made of chains of flagellin, attached via a protein hook, anchored to wall and membrane by the basal body

66
Q

Motile cells

A

rotate their flagella to run and tumble, move away from or toward stimuli (taxes)

67
Q

Endoflagella aka axial Filaments

A

are found in spirochetes are anchored on one end of the cell, and rotation of it causes the cell to move

68
Q

Pili

A

help transfer DNA from one cell to another by bringing the cells together to form a conjugtion bridge

69
Q

Gliding motility

A

is smooth pilin retraction

70
Q

twitching motility

A

short jerky movement

71
Q

Cell wall

A

prevents osmotic lysis and is made of peptidoglycan

72
Q

Peptidoglycan

A

is a polymer of disaccharide

73
Q

plasma membrane

A

phospholipid bilayer, peripheral proteins, ntegral proteins, transmembrane proteins , select permeability

74
Q

Simple diffusion

A

movement of a solute from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration. simple diffusion through the lipid bilayer is one way things are transported (Solute)

75
Q

Facilitated diffusion

A

when a transported protein combines with a solvent (solute)

76
Q

Osmosis

A

The movement of water from a selectively permeable membrane from an area of high water concentration to an area of low water concentration. (Solvent)

77
Q

Osmotic pressure

A

s the pressure needed to stop the movement of water across the membrane

78
Q

isotonic solution

A

not net movement of water occurs

79
Q

hypotonic solution

A

water moves into the cell, which may cause swelling and burst (osmotic lysis)

80
Q

hypertonic solution

A

water moves out of ell, causing it to shrink (plasmolysis)

81
Q

active transport

A

requires requires a transporter protein and ATP for movement against the concentration gradient

82
Q

group translocation

A

requires transporter protein and PEP (prokaryotic exclusive) special type of active transport

83
Q

nucleoid

A

bacterial chromosome

84
Q

Endospores

A

tough non reproductive structures made by some bacteria and are resting cells in a dormant state, very resistant to desiccation, heat, chemicals,

85
Q

Sporulation

A

endospore formation, where isolated replicated DNA and some cytoplasms is breaks off

86
Q

Germination

A

returning to a vegetative state, active, grows and reproduces

87
Q

Phagocytosis

A

process where pseudopods extend and engulf particles

88
Q

Pinocytosis

A

process where membrane folds inward, bringing in fluid and dissolved substances

89
Q

Cytoplasmic streaming

A

he movement of cytoplasm throughout the cells

90
Q

80S ribosomes

A

membrane bound and attach to Endoplasmic Reticulum

91
Q

70S ribosomes

A

are in chloroplasts and mitochondria

92
Q

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

Rough component does protein synthesis, processing and sorting of proteins

93
Q

Smooth ER

A
  • phospholipid, fat, steroid synthesis; can biotransformation drugs and other chemicals and release calcium.
94
Q

Golgi complex

A

collection and packaging of material to distribution of materials to different parts of cell, makes cell wall components, addition or modification of short chain of sugar to form glycoproteins and glycolipids with detail from ER or modify them made by ER

95
Q

Endosymbiosis

A

hypothesis process by which prokaryotes gave rise to the first eukaryotic cells is known as endosymbiosis. Eukaryotic cells are believed to have evolved from early prokaryotes that were engulfed by phagocytosis

Microbiology (19 decks)

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