Ch.10

Question 1

Taxonomy

Answer 1

science of classifying organisms

Provides universal names for organisms, provides a reference for identifying organisms.

Question 2

Systematics, or phylogeny

Answer 2

The study of the evolutionary history organisms . group organisms based on anatomy, fossils, rRNA

Question 3

What is our 3 domain system

Answer 3

eukaryotes, and prokaryotes types, the bacteria and Archaea . classified because we found distinct differences in their sequences of nucleotides in their ribosomal DNA and membrane lipid structure

Question 4

Eukarya domain

Answer 4

animals, plants and fungi are part of this

Question 5

Bacteria domain

Answer 5

includes all of the pathogenic and non pathogenic prokaryotes, as well as photoautotrophic prokaryotes (make own food via light).

Question 6

Archaea domain

Answer 6

do not have peptidoglycan in their walls , live in extreme environments and separated into 3 groups
methanogens, strict anaerobes that make methane, extreme halophiles, need lots of salt, hyperthermophiles, grow in super hot environments

Question 7

Taxonomic Hierarchy

Answer 7

Domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species

Question 8

What is binomial nomenclature

Answer 8

the genus + specific epithet and is used worldwide.

Question 9

What is binomial nomenclature

Answer 9

system where the genus + specific epithet and is used worldwide.

Question 10

Classification of prokaryotes

Answer 10

the taxonomic classification scheme is found in Bergey’s Manual of Systematic Bacteriology. prokaryotic species are organized as population of cells with similar characteristics. like culture, clone, and strain. Definitive edition will specify identification

Question 11

Classification of Eukaryotes

Answer 11

group of close related organisms that breed among themselves

Animalia, Plantae, Fungi, Protista

Question 12

Animalia

Answer 12

classification of eukaryote, multicellular, no celll walls, chemoheterotrophic (energy by ingesting building blocks).

Question 13

Plantae

Answer 13

euk class, multicellular, cellulose cell wall, photoautotrophic

Question 14

Fungi

Answer 14

euk class, chemoheterotrophic, uni or multi, cell walls of chitin, develop from spores

Question 15

Protista

Answer 15

euk classification, organisms that do not fit other kingdoms.

Question 16

Classification of viruses

Answer 16

classified by similar characteristics and occupy a particular ecological niche.

Question 17

What provides phylogenetic and idetif information on bacteria and archaea

Answer 17

Bergey’s Manual of Systematic Bacteriology

Question 18

What lists species of known prokaryotes

Answer 18

Approved Lists of Bacterial Names

Question 19

dates of when people started to classsify pro

Answer 19

look it up

Question 20

Classification

Answer 20

Placing organisms in groups of relation via characteristics of known organisms

Question 21

Identification

Answer 21

matching characteristics of an unknown organism to lists of known organisms

Question 22

Morphological characteristics

Answer 22

And identification method for eukaryotes, not so much for prokaryotes. based on structure like cocci

Question 23

Differential staining

Answer 23

another method for classification/ identification. exploit chemical compition of cell walls. not useful for wall less bacteria or archea

Question 24

Biochemical tests

Answer 24

identification method that determines the presence of bacteria

Question 25

rapid identification methods

Answer 25

methods for quickly determining medicaly important bacteria. The tools do several tests at one time, and can give results qwithin 4-24 hours. this may be called numerical identification because each test gives a nuumber 1-4, which then produces a code that can be looked up in a source.

Question 26

Enterotube/Enteropluri

Answer 26

a tube with a ton of tests in it. looks like a syringe

Question 27

Dichotomous keys

Answer 27

series of statements with two choices in each step that will lead users to the correct identification

Question 28

Serology

Answer 28

Science of serum and immune responses in serum. Combine known antiserum and unkown bacteria with tests

Question 29

antiserum

Answer 29

serum consisting of antibodies used for identification purposes

Question 30

Slide aggulation test

Answer 30

Unknown bacteria are put on a slide, known antiserum is added, if dots of clumping occur, that means a reaction and positive result. just milk means negative.

Question 31

What is ELISA?

Answer 31

Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.

Question 32

Direct ELISA

Answer 32

Known antibodies are placed in a microwell, and you add the enzyme’s substrate to cause a color reaction, detects the antigen and microbe

Question 33

Indirect ELISA

Answer 33

Known antibodies are placed in microwell , add he enzyme substrate to cause a color reaction, and detects antibodies for the microbe. and other evidence

Question 34

Western Blot

Answer 34

sponge and filter, but if the tagged antibodies stick to the filter, it is evidence of the presence of a microorganism

Question 35

Phage typing

Answer 35

A test that shows what phages bateria is susceptible to. A bacteriophage is a virus that causes lysis (cell wall rupture) in the bacteria they infect

Question 36

Flow cytometry

Answer 36

used to identify bacteria in a sample that hasn’t been cultured. Moving fluid is forced into a small opening. then the electrical conductivity difference between the bacteria and medium detects the presence of bacteria, but they can also shine a laser and the light scattered by it can show size and shape by a pc. Fluorescence can be used to detect fluorescent cells.

Question 37

DNA base composition

Answer 37

composition is expressed as the percentage of guanine plus cytosine , comparing this between species can help determine how related they are.

Question 38

DNA fingerprinting

Answer 38

DNA from 2 sources are treated with the same enzyme and the restriction fragments produced are separated . comparing the difference in size and number of those RFLPs provides information about the difference similarities

Question 39

Southern blotting,

Answer 39

uses nucleic acid hybridization, separates strands of known and unknown DNA, the more that meet up the more relatedness they have. can be complete, partial or no hybridization.

Question 40

DNA probe

Answer 40

another type of nucleic acid hybridization. this one uses fluorescents in the probe DNA plasmid, when introduced you can see how much they binded to the unkown .

Question 41

DNA chip

Answer 41

aka microarray, detects pathogen by identifying a gene specific to it. The unkown sample is given a die, so whatever it hypidizes with on the microarry, is what it is.

Question 42

FISH

Answer 42

Fluorescent in Situ Hybridization. DNA/RNA probe attaches to Flour dye is used to indentify chromosomes of certain bacteria. Your known bins t an unknown

Question 43

Cladograms

Answer 43

map that shows evolutionary relationship between organism. Like the evolutionary tree image. But now we use RNA sequencing, where we compare RNA by aligneing and having a computer determin how similar they are.