Ch.10 Flashcards
Taxonomy
science of classifying organisms
Provides universal names for organisms, provides a reference for identifying organisms.
Systematics, or phylogeny
The study of the evolutionary history organisms . group organisms based on anatomy, fossils, rRNA
What is our 3 domain system
eukaryotes, and prokaryotes types, the bacteria and Archaea . classified because we found distinct differences in their sequences of nucleotides in their ribosomal DNA and membrane lipid structure
Eukarya domain
animals, plants and fungi are part of this
Bacteria domain
includes all of the pathogenic and non pathogenic prokaryotes, as well as photoautotrophic prokaryotes (make own food via light).
Archaea domain
do not have peptidoglycan in their walls , live in extreme environments and separated into 3 groups
methanogens, strict anaerobes that make methane, extreme halophiles, need lots of salt, hyperthermophiles, grow in super hot environments
Taxonomic Hierarchy
Domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species
What is binomial nomenclature
the genus + specific epithet and is used worldwide.
What is binomial nomenclature
system where the genus + specific epithet and is used worldwide.
Classification of prokaryotes
the taxonomic classification scheme is found in Bergey’s Manual of Systematic Bacteriology. prokaryotic species are organized as population of cells with similar characteristics. like culture, clone, and strain. Definitive edition will specify identification
Classification of Eukaryotes
group of close related organisms that breed among themselves
Animalia, Plantae, Fungi, Protista
Animalia
classification of eukaryote, multicellular, no celll walls, chemoheterotrophic (energy by ingesting building blocks).
Plantae
euk class, multicellular, cellulose cell wall, photoautotrophic
Fungi
euk class, chemoheterotrophic, uni or multi, cell walls of chitin, develop from spores
Protista
euk classification, organisms that do not fit other kingdoms.
Classification of viruses
classified by similar characteristics and occupy a particular ecological niche.
What provides phylogenetic and idetif information on bacteria and archaea
Bergey’s Manual of Systematic Bacteriology
What lists species of known prokaryotes
Approved Lists of Bacterial Names
dates of when people started to classsify pro
look it up
Classification
Placing organisms in groups of relation via characteristics of known organisms
Identification
matching characteristics of an unknown organism to lists of known organisms
Morphological characteristics
And identification method for eukaryotes, not so much for prokaryotes. based on structure like cocci
Differential staining
another method for classification/ identification. exploit chemical compition of cell walls. not useful for wall less bacteria or archea
Biochemical tests
identification method that determines the presence of bacteria
rapid identification methods
methods for quickly determining medicaly important bacteria. The tools do several tests at one time, and can give results qwithin 4-24 hours. this may be called numerical identification because each test gives a nuumber 1-4, which then produces a code that can be looked up in a source.
Enterotube/Enteropluri
a tube with a ton of tests in it. looks like a syringe
Dichotomous keys
series of statements with two choices in each step that will lead users to the correct identification
Serology
Science of serum and immune responses in serum. Combine known antiserum and unkown bacteria with tests
antiserum
serum consisting of antibodies used for identification purposes
Slide aggulation test
Unknown bacteria are put on a slide, known antiserum is added, if dots of clumping occur, that means a reaction and positive result. just milk means negative.
What is ELISA?
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.
Direct ELISA
Known antibodies are placed in a microwell, and you add the enzyme’s substrate to cause a color reaction, detects the antigen and microbe
Indirect ELISA
Known antibodies are placed in microwell , add he enzyme substrate to cause a color reaction, and detects antibodies for the microbe. and other evidence
Western Blot
sponge and filter, but if the tagged antibodies stick to the filter, it is evidence of the presence of a microorganism
Phage typing
A test that shows what phages bateria is susceptible to. A bacteriophage is a virus that causes lysis (cell wall rupture) in the bacteria they infect
Flow cytometry
used to identify bacteria in a sample that hasn’t been cultured. Moving fluid is forced into a small opening. then the electrical conductivity difference between the bacteria and medium detects the presence of bacteria, but they can also shine a laser and the light scattered by it can show size and shape by a pc. Fluorescence can be used to detect fluorescent cells.
DNA base composition
composition is expressed as the percentage of guanine plus cytosine , comparing this between species can help determine how related they are.
DNA fingerprinting
DNA from 2 sources are treated with the same enzyme and the restriction fragments produced are separated . comparing the difference in size and number of those RFLPs provides information about the difference similarities
Southern blotting,
uses nucleic acid hybridization, separates strands of known and unknown DNA, the more that meet up the more relatedness they have. can be complete, partial or no hybridization.
DNA probe
another type of nucleic acid hybridization. this one uses fluorescents in the probe DNA plasmid, when introduced you can see how much they binded to the unkown .
DNA chip
aka microarray, detects pathogen by identifying a gene specific to it. The unkown sample is given a die, so whatever it hypidizes with on the microarry, is what it is.
FISH
Fluorescent in Situ Hybridization. DNA/RNA probe attaches to Flour dye is used to indentify chromosomes of certain bacteria. Your known bins t an unknown
Cladograms
map that shows evolutionary relationship between organism. Like the evolutionary tree image. But now we use RNA sequencing, where we compare RNA by aligneing and having a computer determin how similar they are.
