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Microbiology > Ch.13 > Flashcards

Ch.13 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What makes a virus a virus?

A

protein + nucleic acid at minimum. Not cell based, and either DNA or RNA never both.

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2
Q

What makes a viroid?

A

just nucleic acids

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3
Q

What is a prion made of

A

Proteins, abnormal prions are the problem

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4
Q

Why aren’t viruses living?

A

They obligatory intracellular parasites, they ONLY reproduce inside other cells. No atp generating mechanisms no ribosomes

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5
Q

Tissue Tropism

A

when viruses only infect specific types of cells in one host

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6
Q

Host range

A

range of viable infection, determined by specific host attachment sites and cell factors

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7
Q

What do you see viruses with

A

Electron microscope, they are smaller than RBC and bacteria. They are tiny

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8
Q

What is the protein coat on a virus called and what does it do

A

A capsid and protects the nucleic acid of a virus. Sometime it is covered in an envelope made of lipids made from the host cell. Capsomeres are the proteins that make up the capsid. Sometimes the capsid have spikes that allow it to attach to a host, they made of carbohydrates and proteins

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9
Q

What are the virus shapes?

A

Helical, polyhedral, enveloped, and complex viruses.

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10
Q

Helical Virus

A

Looks like a rod or cylinder. Including the capsid. Like rabies and ebola.

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11
Q

Polyhedral Virus

A

20 triangular faces with 12 corners , a polyhedron called a icosahedron. like the polio virus.

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12
Q

Enveloped virus

A

roughly spherical, we call enveloped shapes enveloped helical or enveloped polyhedral.

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13
Q

Complex Viruses

A

can have a polyhedral head and helical body, capsid may allow attachment for more stuff . Like bacteriophage.

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14
Q

how are viruses taxoiminzed?

A

family name ends in viridae , A viral species shares and their ecological niche (host) genetic info and characteristics. common names are used for species, subspecies are designed by number.

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15
Q

What is the family, genus, and subspecies of herpes?

A

Family- Herpes viridae, genus- herpesvirus sub- HHV-1, HHV-2

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16
Q

Bacteriophages

A

viruses that kill bacteria, they form plaques or patches of plaques

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17
Q

how are viruses grown?

A

must be grown in living animals or embryonic eggs (for animal virusus). Living cells.

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18
Q

Lytic cycle

A

one of two cycle of virus reproduction. 1. T- Even Phage attaches to host cell. 2. penetration and inject DNA, 3. biosynthesis of viral components. 4.Maturation of viral components 5. release of new virions. Ends in lysis of cell

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19
Q

What are cytopathic effects

A

the degrative/pathologic effects that viruses have on cells, we can observe them to help us identify what virus they are.

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20
Q

Describe the lytic cycle in the one step growth curve

A
  1. eclipse period is biosynthesis then peaks at acute infection, when they are released.
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21
Q

Describe transduction by bacteriophage

A

during the biosynthesis phase, sometimes pieces of bacterial DNA is caught in the phage capsid, then when that virus goes to another cell, it can cause recombination and give them new cell some new DNA . They do not give the phage DNA

22
Q

Lysogenic cycle

A

aka lambda phage cycle , is when the lytic cycle can result in giving a host new DNA , it is now Prophage DNA

23
Q

how do animal viruses replicate? Differences with the lytic cycle

A

Penetration can be done by fusion, the lipid envelope melts into the lipid membrane or endocytosis where the entire thing goes in . After penetration the virus uncoats, and the protein coat leaves to release the enzymes and nucleic acids. Then on release it can leave by budding or lysis.

24
Q

What is specialized transduction

A

Where an already prophage infected cell exercises it genome to separate but it takes some of it hosts DNA. When it the lytic cycle occurs the new phage has part of its DNA and injects it into the new cell.

25
Q

RNA viruses with ssRNA

A

+ sense strand acts as mRNA and makes proteins directly can make RNA dependent RNA polymerase.

26
Q

Retroviruses

A

RNA–> DNA –> RNA –> Protein

27
Q

Where do DNA and RNA viruses replicate?

A

DNA viruses replicates in the nucleus

RNA replicated in the cytoplasms

28
Q

Oncogenes

A

activation of these cause normal cells to turn into cancer cells

29
Q

Transformed cells

A

the tumor cells pick up traits they wouldn’t normally have, and also have a virus specific antigen on their cell surface called tumor-specific transplantation antigen in their nucleas called a T antigen

30
Q

Viruses that cause cancer

A

Oncogenic DNA and RNA viruses

31
Q

How do viruses cause cancer

A

Activation of oncogenes or disrupting tumor suppressant genes

32
Q

Latent Virus

A

remains in asymptomatic host for long periods then appears suddenly

33
Q

Persistent virus

A

generally fatal and builds up over time, like measles

34
Q

Persistent virus

A

generally fatal and builds up over time, like measles, acute infection quickly builds up and goes down.

35
Q

Oncogenic DNA viruses

A

Adenoviridae, Herpes, Pox, Papo, Hepa

36
Q

oncogenic RNA viruses

A

retro, HTLV1, HTLV2

37
Q

What are prions

A

Protein, tramission via eating , transplant, and surgical instruments , mad cow, fatal familia insomia, creutzfeldt-jakob disease

38
Q

Normal cellular prion protein on cell surface

A

PrP^c

39
Q

Scrapie protein accumulates in brain cells and forms plaque

A

PrP^sc can infect normal proteins too.

40
Q

Plant Viruses

A

enter via plant wound or insect

41
Q

Viroid’s

A

infections RNA that hurt plants , they may interrupt chromosomes or kill mRNA

42
Q

Adenoviridae

A

Double stranded DNA , nonenveloped, causes reparatory problems in humans and tumors in animals

43
Q

Papovaviridae

A

Double stranded DNA nonenveloped , separated into two families. Papillomavirus the human wart virus that can cause cancer and the polyomavirus that causes tumors , some cause cancer

44
Q

Poxviridae

A

Double stranded DNA enveloped virus causes small pox and orthopox virus, and any pox virus

45
Q

Herpesviridae

A

Double stranded DNA, enveloped viruses causes a vareity of disease and can be latent in many hosts simplexvirus

46
Q

Hepadnaviridae

A

Double stranded DNA enveloped . Hepatitis B

47
Q

Picornaviridae

A

nonenveloped single stranded RNA Hepatitis A, rhinovirus and poliovirus

48
Q

Flavivirdae

A

enveloped Single stranded RNA + strand Hepatitis C

49
Q

Coronaviridae

A

enveloped single stranded RNA + , causes upper respiratory infections like SARS and covid 19

50
Q

Rhabdoviridae

A

Eveloped single stranded RNA - causes numerous animal diseases like vesiculovirus and lyssavirus

51
Q

Filoviridae

A

Single stranded RNA , - strand enveloped helico virus like ebola

Microbiology (19 decks)

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