Ch.16 Flashcards
Susceptibility
lack of resistance
resistance
aka immunity
immunity
ability to ward off disease
Adaptive immunity
immunity or resistance to a specific pathogen
innate immunity
defenses against any pathogen, and present at birth.
First line of defense?
skin (ph 3-5), mucous membranes, normal microbiota
Second line of defense
phagocytes , like neutrophils, eosinophils, dendritic cells, and macrophages.
Fever, antimicrobial substance
Third line of defense
specialized lymphocytes T cells and B cell, antibodies
TLRS
toll like receptors, attached to PAMPS, pathogen associated molecular patters., then release cytokines to induce a immune response.
keratin
a protective protein,
How does mucous membranes help
traps microbes, and ciliary escalator transports microbes trapped in mucus away from lungs
lacrimal apparatus
washes the eye
saliva
washes microbes out, urine flows it out, vaginal secretions, epiglottis stops them from entering the lungs, nose hair,, ear waz, defecting and vomitting
chemical factors
fungistatic acid in sebum, low ph of skin, lysozyme in perspiration , tears, saliva, and urine. low ph of gastric juice, No nitirc oxide inhibits ATP production in microbes
normal microbiota
can alter the environment and compete with potential pathogens
white blood cell types
rbc, leukocytes, granulocytes, agranulocytes, basophils, dendrite cells . most present to neutrophils
look at the amont you have in the boody and what the shape of nuclie is
look
Lymphatic system
makes circulatory system too, lymph, vessels, and organs like nodes and tissue,
Lymph nodes
activation of B and T cells occur here. Spleen also, thymus is the site for t cell maturation. and macrohpage and dendrite cells there too.
phagocytosis
neutrophils, fixed macrophages, wandering macrophages roam the tissue
Leukocytes
White blood cells categorized into granulocytes and agranulocytes
Neutrophils (PMN)
60-70% of phagocytes, good for phagocytosis. Have 3-4 granules
Eosinophils
2-4% toxic proteins against certain parasites, some phagocytosis, have 2 separate granules, look redish pinkish
Basophils
0.5- 1%, produces histamine (defends against an allergen) purple look like eosinophils
Monocyte
Agranulocyte, 3-8% look like a kidney , when they mature into macrophages they do phagocytes
Dendrite cells
initiate adaptive immune response , phagocytosis. Look like they have little cytoplasm like nerve cells
Lymphocytes
20-25% natural killer, T,B, NK cells. destroy target by cytolysis and apoptosis
T cells- cell mediated immunity, B cells- produce antibodies.
WBC differential
determines the percentage of each type of white blood cell present in your blood. help diagnose the cause of a high or low white blood cell (WBC) count results seen on a CBC. It may also be used to help diagnose and/or monitor other diseases and conditions that affect one or more different types of WBCs.
Lymphatic system
consists of lymph fluid, lymphoid tissue tissue contain T and B cells, the nodes are their site of activation,
Phagocytosis process
ingestion of microbes, done by neutrophils and fixed macrophages in the lungs kupffers cells in the liver, and microglial cells in the nervous system. and wandering microphages that roam the tissue
Phagocytosis process
TLR and PAMP contact occurs, ingestion, formation of phagosome, phagosome + lysosome formation, phagolysosome digests microbe, discharge of waste material.
Oxidative burst
bacteria adheres to membrane of neutrophil, naph is produced , nadph oxidase uses electron from nasph to produce to produce superoxide, superoxide dismutase converts superoxide to hydrogen H2O2 burst kills bacterium.
some ways microbes can escape phagocytosis
kills them, inhibit adherence, esape/prevent phagosome or survive phagolysosome. pain heat,
Inflammation
Activation of acute phase protein , vasodilation so more blood flows through , leads to redness, damged cells send out histamine, kinins, increase vessel permeability, prostaglanids increase their effect, leukotrienes increased permeability of blood vessels phagocytic attachment
Fevers
still 2nd line, mainly cause by infection of bacteria or virusus. during crisis, vasodilation and sweating occurs, causing temp to go down. Higher temp increases immune function and tissue repair
fever dangers
tachycardia is a symptom, dehydration, seizures,, etc. 44 to 46C or 112 to 114 is death temp. acidosis,
The complement system
opsonization aka immune adherence, enhanced phagocytosis , cytolysis, attract phagocytes. it consist of 30 proteins from liver, its innate, not adaptable,
Classical pathway
antibodies attach to antigens anctivate C1 to activate C2 and C4 by splitting them, then they combine to split into C4a and C4b.
Alternative pathway
No antibodies, C3 combines with surface of microbe, causing C3 to split into fragments.
Lectin pathway
lectin binds onto microbe, splits into C2 iand C4 and actiavet C3 which then activate into opeonization, inflammation,, and cytotsia.
How do pathogens avoid this
capusules, surface lipid-carbbohydrate comlpexess, enzymatic digestion of C5a
Interferon
an antimicrobial substance , proteins of MW 15kDa-30kDa that are stable and resistant to heat. they are cytokines that do not affect our own cells, cells to produec antiviall protein that inhbit viral replication
and maybe causes nutrophils and macrophages to phago bacteria
Transferrins
bind serum iron to decrease amount avaible to microbes
Antimicrobial peptides
chain of 12 to 50 amino acids, 600 in plants and animals. dermicidins via sweat glands, thrombocidis by platelets, cathelecidians by macrophages and neutrophils
