Ch.17

Question 1

Innate immunity

Answer 1

defenses against any pathogen

Question 2

Adaptive immunity

Answer 2

induced resistance to a specific pathogen

Question 3

Humoral immunity

Answer 3

B cells remove viruses, bacteria and by recognizing antigens and making antibodies against them.this varies by the b cell receptors that are on the b cell. Focused more on extra cellular parts like bacteria and their toxins

Question 4

antibodies

Answer 4

protective molecules that fight antigens interact with epitopes/ antigenic determinants (specific regions on the anitgen).

Question 5

antigens

Answer 5

foreign molecules, causes the body to produce anitbodies or T cells. Also proteins and large polysaccharides

Question 6

B cells T cell difference

Answer 6

both come from stem cells from liver or bone marrow. Some pass through the thymus and become T cells, some stay in the marrow and become b cells, both go to the nodes or spleen

Question 7

Cellular immunity

Answer 7

aka cell-mediated immunity, involve T cells not binding to antigens, but recognize antigenic peptides after they have been processed by phagocytic cells. they target antigens that go into cells, like viruses. this is the dual nature of adaptive immunity

Question 8

Hapten

Answer 8

antigen combine with carrier molecules . Itself is too small to cause an antibody response,

Question 9

Valence

Answer 9

refers to how many antigen bonding sites an anitobody has. Humans are bi valent (2)

Question 10

Immunoglobulins

Answer 10

globular proteins aka antibodies

Question 11

IgG

Answer 11

Monomer 80% of serum antibodies, fix complement , in blood, lymph and intestine. Cross placenta and walls of blood vessels. Neutralize toxins and viruses, half life of 23 days. after 23 days you have half

Question 12

IgM

Answer 12

Pentamer 5-10% of serum anitbodies. Fix complement. In blood, lymph, and b cells . it can exist as pentamer in blood or monomer on b cells . Half life of 5 days. can clump (agglutinate) for the purpose of phagocytosis. first antibody to be made in infection. as IgM fall, IgB pick up valence of 10

Question 13

IgA

Answer 13

Dimer 10-15% of serum

found in secretions in mucus, saliva, tears. Mucosal protection (6 days). Valence of 4

Question 14

IgD

Answer 14

monomer 0.2% of serum antibodies. in blood, lymbh and on b cells . initiants immune response

Question 15

IgE antibodies

Answer 15

monomer 0.002% of serum antibody . on mast cells like basophils, involved in allergic reaction, involved in lysis of parasitic worms. Half life of 2 days. ADCC

Question 16

activation of B cells

Answer 16

MHC major hisyocompabitliy complex, are glyco proteins found on nucleated cells. ( divide foreign and familiar). T dependent antigens T helpers produce cytokines that activate the b cell. T independent antigens. Stimulate the B cells to make antibodies but its a weaker response.

Question 17

2

Answer 17

B cell -> Ig receptors recognize antigen. which is then taken up and processed within the b cecll with an MHC. The mHC class + antigen compleex is displayed on b cell surface. So now the t helper receptor recognizes the complex. activates, cytokines activate the b cell. Plasmaa B cell is made then begins clonal expansion, and are the antibody producer.

Question 18

3

Answer 18

some is stored into memory cells, some are turned into active plasma b cells. it lives for a few days.

Question 19

b cells turn into

Answer 19

antibody producing plasma cells, and memory cells.

Question 20

Clonal deletion

Answer 20

eliminates harmful B cells, occurs at the immature lymphocyte stage. no autoimmune disease.

Question 21

antigen meets antibody

Answer 21

agglutination (clumped) opsonization , coating with antigen that then is goes phagocytosis. can cause cell lysis by itself. adcc or neutralization (stop a virus form attaching for example) .

Question 22

T cells

Answer 22

matre in thymus, t cells respond to antigen by t cell receptors (TCR) t cells require antigen presenting cells (APC). Pathogen enters via intestines, M cells, go over payers patches,, they meet APC and immune response occurs

Question 23

T helper cells

Answer 23

CD4+ or T helper cells

TCR recognize antigens and MCH 2 on antigen presenting cell like a b cell. TLRs are on dentride cells and macrophages.

Question 24

CD8+ or T c cells

Answer 24

target cells are self - cells carrying endogenous antigens. Activated into cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs). induce apoptosis ( cell death) . virus infected cell, is targed by Tc and tc cells turns into CTL and releases profin and gramsines via apoptosis

Question 25

T reg cells

Answer 25

cd4 and cd25 on surface. supress t cells against us. 5-10% of the t cell population. to protect from t cells that target our cells

Question 26

Antigen presenting cells

Answer 26

like b cells and macropahges,. ag fragments on APC surface with MCH. dendrites cells.

Question 27

resting vs activated

Answer 27

resting is currentyl breaking things down with no inflammatory signals. when it sends signals from the inflammatory response it is called an activated macrophages. they will kick into gear to take care of pathogens.

Question 28

Natural killer NK cells are part of innate community

Answer 28

granular leukocytes destroy cells that dont MHC, dont need antibody stimulation. Kill virus- inifected and tumor cells. attack parasites and CTL like tto kill infected friendly cells or large parasites.

Question 29

Immunological memory

Answer 29

antibody titer is the amount of AB in serum. primary response happens after initial contact with AG. secondary memory or anamnestic response occurs after second exposure.

Question 30

naturally acquired actives immunity

Answer 30

results from infection. lifelong

Question 31

naturally acquired passive immunity

Answer 31

transplacental lasts 6 months

Question 32

Artificial acquired active immunity

Answer 32

injection of Ag can be yeasr or lifelong

Question 33

Artificially acquired passive immunity

Answer 33

injeciion of AB lasts one month, may be a little longer.