Ch.14 Microbiology + Ch.12 Leftover Flashcards
Pathology
Study of diseases and the changes they have on the body
Etiology
Study of causes of diseases
Pathogenesis
manner in which disease develops
Infection
invasion or colonization of the body by microorganisms
Disease
occurs when any infection results in change of state of health or have the body unable to carry on in its ways. you can have a disease like HIV with no symptoms
Symbiosis
Relationship with two organisms where one is dependent on the other its what we have with our normal microbiota
Commensalism
one organisms benefits while the other is unaffected
Mutualism
A relationship where two organisms benefit one another.
Parasitism
Where one sucks the nutrients of another.
Normal microbiota
bacteria that naturally live on and in humans, lie e coli in the intestines. mouth, skin,, eyes, urinary and reproductinve systems
Microbial antagonism
aka competitive exclusion refers to how normal microbiota prevents overgrowth of harmful organisms
Ex. E coli produces proteins called bacteriocin that inhibits the growth of the same of or similar bacteria.
Transient Microbiota
temporary microbiota
opportunistic pathogens
some of our normal microbiota can become pathogenic under certain conditions
probiotics
live microbes applied or ingested, intended to exert a beneficial effect
Exceptions to Koch’s Postulates Framework to study the etiology of a disease?
Some pathogens can cause several diseases. Some pathogens only cause disease in humans. Some pathogens can’t be cultured.
koch’s Postulates 1 and 2
The same pathogen has to be present in every case of disease, the pathogen must be isolated, and grown in pure cultures
Koch’s Postulates 3 and 4
pathogen, from the pure culture must cause disease in an animal, pathogen must be isolated from the inoculated animal and be shows to be the original organism
Symptom
a change in the body felt by patient
Sign
a change in the body that can be measured or observed as a result of disease
Syndrome
A specific group of signs and symptoms that come with a disease (AIDS for HIV)
Communicable Disease
a disease that is spread from one host to another
Contagious disease
a Communicable disease that is EASILY spread from one to another
Noncommunicable disease
a disease that is not transmitted from one host another another
Incidence
Fraction of a population that contracts a disease during a specific time
Prevalence
Fraction of a population having a specific disease at a given time.
Sporadic Disease
disease that occurs occasionally in a population
Endemic Disease
Disease constantly present in a population
Epidemic Disease
disease acquired by many hosts in a given area in a short time.
Pandemic Disease
Worldwide Epidemic
Herd immunity
immunity in most of a population leads to protection of non immune. 80%
Acute Disease
symptoms develop rapidly
Chronic Disease
Disease develops slowly,
Subacute disease
symptoms between acute and chronic
Latent Disease
disease with a period of no symptoms when the causative agent is active
Local infection
pathogens are limited to a small amount of the body
Systemic infection
infection throughout the whole body
Focal infection
an infection that began locally but spread to other parts of the bood via blood or lymphatic vessels
Sepsis
inflammatory condition from spread of microbes and their toxins
Bacteremia
Bacteria in the blood
Septicemia
Growth of bacteria in the blood
Toxemia
Toxins in the blood
Viremia
Viruses in blood
Primary Infection
Acute infection that causes initial illness
Secondary Infection
opportunistic infection after the primary infection
Subclinical infection
has no noticeable signs or symptoms
What are some predisposing factors that make one more susceptible to disease
short ureteral in females , inherited traits like sickle cell, climate and weather, fatigue, Age, Lifestyle, Chemotherapy, others
Stages of disease
- incubation period (no signs or symptoms) 2. Prodromal period, mild signs and symptoms. 3.Period of illness, most sever symptoms. Period of decline 4. Period of convalescence
Sources of infection
For human can be carriers, for animals cann be zoonoses, disease in non human animals that then transfer to humans
Direct Contact
requires close association between infected and host
Indirect contact
spread via formites (non living objects) like surfaces?
Droplet contact
transmission via airborne droplets that travel less than 1 meter
Vehicle Transmission
Transmission by inanimate vehicle like, water, food, air
Nosocomial infections
Infections acquired in a hospital setting
Emerging Infectious Diseases
New, increasing in incidence, or showing potential to become bigger
Why are EID useful or dangerous
Affects transportation , west nile, ecological war, causes lyme disease.
CDC
Centers for disease control and prevention . They publish the MMWR the morbidy and mortality report that state specific incidence diseases and their mortality rate.
Why is epidemiology studied?
Collection and analysis of data, snow and semmelweis, Involve prospective studies with following people if disease happens, and retrospective study looking back and seeing how people were affected.
Mortality
Deaths from notifiable diseases
Morbidity
Incidence of specific notifiable disease , morbidity rate is the number of people affected in relation to total population in a given period
Protozoa
Various kingdom’s, used to be prositsa , chemoheterophic unicelllar motile organisms ,some for cysts.
What are cysts, and vegetative form of protozoa
Cysts are like the endospores of protozoa, feeding and growing form is called a trophozoite . Asexual reproduction via fission, budding, and schizogony (multiple fission) Sexual reproduction via conjugation . Chemoheterotrophs.
Diplomonads
type of protozoa with no mitochondria (makes energy via glycolysis) , multiple flagella like giardia lamblia that causes giardiasis, causing diarrhea weight loss, make cysts
Parabasalids
type of protozoa with no mitochondria , no cyste. Example: Trichomonas Vaginalis that causes trichomoniasis STD found in vagina or in male urinary tract
Euglenoza, move by flagella
Consist of Euglenoids that are photoautotrophic and found in fresh water also Hemoflagellates, are chemoheterotrophs, from animal bites, Trypanosoma cause sleeping sickness and chagas . Lesishmania come from sand fly vector
Amebae, move cia pseudopods
move via pseudopods Entamoeba causes amoebic dysentary, acanthamoeba cause blindness
Helminths
Animalia kingdom, chemoheterotroph, all are multicellular, elaborate life cycles
Platyhelminthes
Flatworms
Trematodes
flukes
Cestodes
tapeworms
Nematoda
roundworms
Monoecious
male and female reproductive systems in one animal.
Dioecious
male and female reproductive systems in seperate animals, only fertilizations of eggs occur when both are present
Definitive Host
ADULT or SEXUALLY REPRODUCTIVE
form of the parasite would be found in this type of host
INTERMEDIATE HOST
IMMATURE or NON-SEXUAL
REPRODUCTIVE form of the parasite would be found in this
type of host
schistosomes
blood flukes that are part male and female, they produce larve that go into a snail and then a human
Schistosomiasis
tissue damage that is caused by eggs being logged in tissue. causes by schistomes.
Lung fluke lifecycle
Paragonimus eggs from definitive host human are excreted, then go into the intermediate host of a crayfish
Tapeworms
embryos form cysts in intermediate host,, adults live in the intestine of humans, T.saginata, T.solium.
Taenia saginata and T solium
Taenia saginata is 12-18 ft long do not form cysts in human. and Taenia solium is 6-12 feet long.
Pinworm, Enterobius vermicularis
complete digestive system, mostly dioecious, guide sperm to female, male is smaller
Ascaris lumbricoides
lives in human intestines, up to 1 ft, feeds on partially digested food.
Hook worms
larvae from feces grow in soil, they bore through skin and go to intestine. Like necator americanus
Trichinella spiralis
larvae encyst in muscles of humans and other mammals
Athropods why are they important
they are vectors for pathogens, like mosquitos and ticks
Mechanical transmission,
pathogen is cared on a body part of the vector.
Biological transmission
pathogens multiply in vector
Definitive host
some pathogens sexually reproduce in their vectors.
