10,11,12,13 Recap Flashcards
What is the method used to shock DNA into a cell
Electroporation, used to insert DNA into a cell
Method where you enzymatically remove cell wall
Protoplast fusion, no cell wall means easier access. Then it can melt into another cell. this is useful for plants and algal cells
What is a gene gun for
Shoot DNA through the cellulose walls of plant cells, another method of DNA introduction
Method where you inject DNA into an animal cell
microinjection, because the needle is tiny
What is synthetic DNA
made via DNA synthetic machines, much like typing an essay, but only up to 200 sequences and they need to be stitched together, and you need to know the instructions
What other microbe is used in biotechnology and why?
Saccharomyces cerevisiae (yeast), its genome is 4 times bigger but it a well understood eukaryotic cell. they may be more successful in creating the product as well as continuously secreting them
what is a subunit vaccine
made through rDNA, a subunit vaccine only contains the protein part of a pathogen
Dna vaccines
made through rDNA, plasmids carry a viral gene under the control of a poromote active in human cells. its hard to get the plasmid DNA into human cells. Also we can use it for makeing human enzymes and hormones’
What is it called determining the proteins made by a cell
proteomics
Taxonomy
science of classifying organisms
Provides universal names for organisms, provides a reference for identifying organisms.
Systematics, or phylogeny
The study of the evolutionary history organisms . group organisms based on anatomy, fossils, rRNA
What is our 3 domain system
eukaryotes, and prokaryotes types, the bacteria and Archaea . classified because we found distinct differences in their sequences of nucleotides in their ribosomal DNA and membrane lipid structure
Eukarya domain
animals, plants and fungi are part of this
Bacteria domain
do not have peptidoglycan in their walls , live in extreme environments and separated into 3 groups
methanogens, strict anaerobes that make methane, extreme halophiles, need lots of salt, hyperthermophiles, grow in super hot environments
Taxonomic Hierarchy
Domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species
Classification of prokaryotes
the taxonomic classification scheme is found in Bergey’s Manual of Systematic Bacteriology. prokaryotic species are organized as population of cells with similar characteristics. like culture, clone, and strain. Definitive edition will specify identification
Plantae
euk class, multicellular, cellulose cell wall, photoautotrophic
What lists species of known prokaryotes
Approved Lists of Bacterial Names
Morphological characteristics
And identification method for eukaryotes, not so much for prokaryotes. based on structure like cocci
Western Blot
sponge and filter, but if the tagged antibodies stick to the filter, it is evidence of the presence of a microorganism. Southern blot determines the presence of a protein
DNA base composition
composition is expressed as the percentage of guanine plus cytosine , comparing this between species can help determine how related they are.
Southern blotting,
uses nucleic acid hybridization, separates strands of known and unknown DNA, the more that meet up the more relatedness they have. can be complete, partial or no hybridization.
Cladograms
map that shows evolutionary relationship between organism. Like the evolutionary tree image. But now we use RNA sequencing, where we compare RNA by aligning and having a computer determine how similar they are.
Tissue Tropism
when viruses only infect specific types of cells in one host
Host range
range of viable infection, determined by specific host attachment sites and cell factors
Helical Virus
Looks like a rod or cylinder. Including the capsid. Like rabies and ebola.
Polyhedral Virus
20 triangular faces with 12 corners , a polyhedron called a icosahedron. like the polio virus.
Enveloped virus
roughly spherical, we call enveloped shapes enveloped helical or enveloped polyhedral.
What is the family, genus, and subspecies of herpes?
Family- Herpes viridae, genus- herpesvirus sub- HHV-1, HHV-2
Lytic cycle
one of two cycle of virus reproduction. 1. T- Even Phage attaches to host cell. 2. penetration and inject DNA, 3. biosynthesis of viral components. 4.Maturation of viral components 5. release of new virions. Ends in lysis of cell
What are cytopathic effects
the degrative/pathologic effects that viruses have on cells, we can observe them to help us identify what virus they are.
Describe the lytic cycle in the one step growth curve
- eclipse period is biosynthesis then peaks at acute infection, when they are released.
Describe transduction by bacteriophage
during the biosynthesis phase, sometimes pieces of bacterial DNA is caught in the phage capsid, then when that virus goes to another cell, it can cause recombination and give them new cell some new DNA . They do not give the phage DNA
Lysogenic cycle
aka lambda phage cycle , is when the lytic cycle can result in giving a host new DNA , it is now Prophage DNA
how do animal viruses replicate? Differences with the lytic cycle
Penetration can be done by fusion, the lipid envelope melts into the lipid membrane or endocytosis where the entire thing goes in . After penetration the virus uncoats, and the protein coat leaves to release the enzymes and nucleic acids. Then on release it can leave by budding or lysis.
Normal cellular prion protein on cell surface
PrP^c
Scrapie protein accumulates in brain cells and forms plaque
PrP^sc can infect normal proteins too.
Oncogenic DNA viruses
Adenoviridae, Papovaviridae, Poxviridae, Herpesviridae, Hepadnaviridae
oncogenic RNA viruses
Picornaviridae, Retroviridae , Flavivirdae, Coronaviridae, Rhabdoviridae, Filoviridae, Paramyxoviridae, Orthomyxoviridae
Fungi Characteristics
Euk Domain, Fungi kingdom, chemoheterotrophs, all multicellular except yeast, absorb food and have sexual and asexual spores. Aerobic or falculculative anaerobe (prefer oxygen for greater yield)
What are the thallus and hyphae
The body, thallus, is made of long joined filament cells cells called hyphae, when grown the hyphae make a filamentous mass called mycelium that find and collect food
what are molds
fungus that grows in multicellular filaments , only exists as a mycelium (thallus of a spore) and spores come from the tips of each hyphae
What are yeasts
single oval cells that reproduce by budding, and are capable of converting sugar into alcohol and carbon dioxide.
sporangiospore
Asexual spore that forms in a sac
What are the two hypha forms
septate hypha (seperate compartments) and Coenocytic hypha (multi nuclei in one body).
Conidiospore
Asexual spore that does not form in a sac
3 phases of sexual reproduction
Plasmogamy, karyogamy, meiosis
Plasmogamy
Haploid donor cell nucleus + penetrates - donor cell of recipient cell -
karyogamy
+ and - nucleus fuse
meiosis
aka reductive division. diploid nucleus produce haploid cell (sexual spores) 2 to 1
3 types of sexual spores
zygospore, Ascospore, basidiospore medically important phylae are this with mycota at the end and microsporidia
Mycoses
Fungal Disease
Systemic mycoses
deep within the body
Subcutaneous mycosis
beneath the skin
Cutaneous mycosis
affect skin, hair, nails
superficial mycosis
localized , hair shafts
opportunistic mycosis
caused by normal microbiota or environmental fungi
Lichens
they are a combo of an alga and fungus , alga produces carbohydrates, fungus holdfast and protection used for dyes, antimicrobial
Algae
Protista category most are photoautotrophic but some are chemoheterotrophic , some multicellular , no vascular tissue absorb food via diffusion from surface
Phaeophyta
brown algea (kelp) , cellulose cell walls , store carbohydrates, arvested for algin, food thickener
Diatoms
unicellular , medically relevant . Pectin and silica cell walls , store oil and become oil . produces domoic acid, bad for environment. Can harm humans as well. asexual + sexual phases
Dinoflagellates
cellulose in plasma membrane , unicellular cause neurotoxins that cause shellfish death called saxitoxins
Rhodophyta
Red algae , cellulose cell walls , mostly multicellular, have chlorophylls A AND B, harvested for agar and carrageenan thickener
Chlorophyta
Green Algae , celllulose cell walls , uni or multicellular, store sugars
oomycota
fungus-like algae, water like molds , multi cellular chemoheterotrophic produces zoo spores , decomposers and plant parasites
Protozoa
Various kingdom’s, used to be prositsa , chemoheteroph, , ALL unicellular , absorb and ingest. they are motile.
What are cysts, and vegetative form of protozoa
Cysts are like the endospores of protozoa, feeding and growing form is called a trophozoite . Asexual reproduction via fission, budding, and schizogony (multiple fission) Sexual reproduction via conjugation . Chemoheterotrophs.
Diplomonads
type of protozoa with no mitochondria (makes energy via glycolysis) , multiple flagella like giardia lamblia that causes giardiasis, causing diarrhea weight loss, make cysts
Parabasalids
type of protozoa with no mitochondria , no cyste. Example: Trichomonas Vaginalis that causes trichomoniasis STD found in vagina or in male urinary tract
Euglenoza
Flagella, photoautotrophs found found in freshwater ponds. Hemoflagellates are the chemoheterotrophs sand fly is the vector for their sickness leishmaniasis and Trypanosoma brucei that causes sleeping sickness in africa
