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Microbiology > 10,11,12,13 Recap > Flashcards

10,11,12,13 Recap Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the method used to shock DNA into a cell

A

Electroporation, used to insert DNA into a cell

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2
Q

Method where you enzymatically remove cell wall

A

Protoplast fusion, no cell wall means easier access. Then it can melt into another cell. this is useful for plants and algal cells

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3
Q

What is a gene gun for

A

Shoot DNA through the cellulose walls of plant cells, another method of DNA introduction

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4
Q

Method where you inject DNA into an animal cell

A

microinjection, because the needle is tiny

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5
Q

What is synthetic DNA

A

made via DNA synthetic machines, much like typing an essay, but only up to 200 sequences and they need to be stitched together, and you need to know the instructions

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6
Q

What other microbe is used in biotechnology and why?

A

Saccharomyces cerevisiae (yeast), its genome is 4 times bigger but it a well understood eukaryotic cell. they may be more successful in creating the product as well as continuously secreting them

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7
Q

what is a subunit vaccine

A

made through rDNA, a subunit vaccine only contains the protein part of a pathogen

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8
Q

Dna vaccines

A

made through rDNA, plasmids carry a viral gene under the control of a poromote active in human cells. its hard to get the plasmid DNA into human cells. Also we can use it for makeing human enzymes and hormones’

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9
Q

What is it called determining the proteins made by a cell

A

proteomics

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10
Q

Taxonomy

A

science of classifying organisms

Provides universal names for organisms, provides a reference for identifying organisms.

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11
Q

Systematics, or phylogeny

A

The study of the evolutionary history organisms . group organisms based on anatomy, fossils, rRNA

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12
Q

What is our 3 domain system

A

eukaryotes, and prokaryotes types, the bacteria and Archaea . classified because we found distinct differences in their sequences of nucleotides in their ribosomal DNA and membrane lipid structure

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13
Q

Eukarya domain

A

animals, plants and fungi are part of this

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14
Q

Bacteria domain

A

do not have peptidoglycan in their walls , live in extreme environments and separated into 3 groups
methanogens, strict anaerobes that make methane, extreme halophiles, need lots of salt, hyperthermophiles, grow in super hot environments

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15
Q

Taxonomic Hierarchy

A

Domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species

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16
Q

Classification of prokaryotes

A

the taxonomic classification scheme is found in Bergey’s Manual of Systematic Bacteriology. prokaryotic species are organized as population of cells with similar characteristics. like culture, clone, and strain. Definitive edition will specify identification

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17
Q

Plantae

A

euk class, multicellular, cellulose cell wall, photoautotrophic

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18
Q

What lists species of known prokaryotes

A

Approved Lists of Bacterial Names

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19
Q

Morphological characteristics

A

And identification method for eukaryotes, not so much for prokaryotes. based on structure like cocci

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20
Q

Western Blot

A

sponge and filter, but if the tagged antibodies stick to the filter, it is evidence of the presence of a microorganism. Southern blot determines the presence of a protein

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21
Q

DNA base composition

A

composition is expressed as the percentage of guanine plus cytosine , comparing this between species can help determine how related they are.

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22
Q

Southern blotting,

A

uses nucleic acid hybridization, separates strands of known and unknown DNA, the more that meet up the more relatedness they have. can be complete, partial or no hybridization.

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23
Q

Cladograms

A

map that shows evolutionary relationship between organism. Like the evolutionary tree image. But now we use RNA sequencing, where we compare RNA by aligning and having a computer determine how similar they are.

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24
Q

Tissue Tropism

A

when viruses only infect specific types of cells in one host

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25
Q

Host range

A

range of viable infection, determined by specific host attachment sites and cell factors

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26
Q

Helical Virus

A

Looks like a rod or cylinder. Including the capsid. Like rabies and ebola.

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27
Q

Polyhedral Virus

A

20 triangular faces with 12 corners , a polyhedron called a icosahedron. like the polio virus.

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28
Q

Enveloped virus

A

roughly spherical, we call enveloped shapes enveloped helical or enveloped polyhedral.

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29
Q

What is the family, genus, and subspecies of herpes?

A

Family- Herpes viridae, genus- herpesvirus sub- HHV-1, HHV-2

30
Q

Lytic cycle

A

one of two cycle of virus reproduction. 1. T- Even Phage attaches to host cell. 2. penetration and inject DNA, 3. biosynthesis of viral components. 4.Maturation of viral components 5. release of new virions. Ends in lysis of cell

31
Q

What are cytopathic effects

A

the degrative/pathologic effects that viruses have on cells, we can observe them to help us identify what virus they are.

32
Q

Describe the lytic cycle in the one step growth curve

A
  1. eclipse period is biosynthesis then peaks at acute infection, when they are released.
33
Q

Describe transduction by bacteriophage

A

during the biosynthesis phase, sometimes pieces of bacterial DNA is caught in the phage capsid, then when that virus goes to another cell, it can cause recombination and give them new cell some new DNA . They do not give the phage DNA

34
Q

Lysogenic cycle

A

aka lambda phage cycle , is when the lytic cycle can result in giving a host new DNA , it is now Prophage DNA

35
Q

how do animal viruses replicate? Differences with the lytic cycle

A

Penetration can be done by fusion, the lipid envelope melts into the lipid membrane or endocytosis where the entire thing goes in . After penetration the virus uncoats, and the protein coat leaves to release the enzymes and nucleic acids. Then on release it can leave by budding or lysis.

36
Q

Normal cellular prion protein on cell surface

A

PrP^c

37
Q

Scrapie protein accumulates in brain cells and forms plaque

A

PrP^sc can infect normal proteins too.

38
Q

Oncogenic DNA viruses

A

Adenoviridae, Papovaviridae, Poxviridae, Herpesviridae, Hepadnaviridae

39
Q

oncogenic RNA viruses

A

Picornaviridae, Retroviridae , Flavivirdae, Coronaviridae, Rhabdoviridae, Filoviridae, Paramyxoviridae, Orthomyxoviridae

40
Q

Fungi Characteristics

A

Euk Domain, Fungi kingdom, chemoheterotrophs, all multicellular except yeast, absorb food and have sexual and asexual spores. Aerobic or falculculative anaerobe (prefer oxygen for greater yield)

41
Q

What are the thallus and hyphae

A

The body, thallus, is made of long joined filament cells cells called hyphae, when grown the hyphae make a filamentous mass called mycelium that find and collect food

42
Q

what are molds

A

fungus that grows in multicellular filaments , only exists as a mycelium (thallus of a spore) and spores come from the tips of each hyphae

43
Q

What are yeasts

A

single oval cells that reproduce by budding, and are capable of converting sugar into alcohol and carbon dioxide.

44
Q

sporangiospore

A

Asexual spore that forms in a sac

45
Q

What are the two hypha forms

A

septate hypha (seperate compartments) and Coenocytic hypha (multi nuclei in one body).

46
Q

Conidiospore

A

Asexual spore that does not form in a sac

47
Q

3 phases of sexual reproduction

A

Plasmogamy, karyogamy, meiosis

48
Q

Plasmogamy

A

Haploid donor cell nucleus + penetrates - donor cell of recipient cell -

49
Q

karyogamy

A

+ and - nucleus fuse

50
Q

meiosis

A

aka reductive division. diploid nucleus produce haploid cell (sexual spores) 2 to 1

51
Q

3 types of sexual spores

A

zygospore, Ascospore, basidiospore medically important phylae are this with mycota at the end and microsporidia

52
Q

Mycoses

A

Fungal Disease

53
Q

Systemic mycoses

A

deep within the body

54
Q

Subcutaneous mycosis

A

beneath the skin

55
Q

Cutaneous mycosis

A

affect skin, hair, nails

56
Q

superficial mycosis

A

localized , hair shafts

57
Q

opportunistic mycosis

A

caused by normal microbiota or environmental fungi

58
Q

Lichens

A

they are a combo of an alga and fungus , alga produces carbohydrates, fungus holdfast and protection used for dyes, antimicrobial

59
Q

Algae

A

Protista category most are photoautotrophic but some are chemoheterotrophic , some multicellular , no vascular tissue absorb food via diffusion from surface

60
Q

Phaeophyta

A

brown algea (kelp) , cellulose cell walls , store carbohydrates, arvested for algin, food thickener

61
Q

Diatoms

A

unicellular , medically relevant . Pectin and silica cell walls , store oil and become oil . produces domoic acid, bad for environment. Can harm humans as well. asexual + sexual phases

62
Q

Dinoflagellates

A

cellulose in plasma membrane , unicellular cause neurotoxins that cause shellfish death called saxitoxins

63
Q

Rhodophyta

A

Red algae , cellulose cell walls , mostly multicellular, have chlorophylls A AND B, harvested for agar and carrageenan thickener

64
Q

Chlorophyta

A

Green Algae , celllulose cell walls , uni or multicellular, store sugars

65
Q

oomycota

A

fungus-like algae, water like molds , multi cellular chemoheterotrophic produces zoo spores , decomposers and plant parasites

66
Q

Protozoa

A

Various kingdom’s, used to be prositsa , chemoheteroph, , ALL unicellular , absorb and ingest. they are motile.

67
Q

What are cysts, and vegetative form of protozoa

A

Cysts are like the endospores of protozoa, feeding and growing form is called a trophozoite . Asexual reproduction via fission, budding, and schizogony (multiple fission) Sexual reproduction via conjugation . Chemoheterotrophs.

68
Q

Diplomonads

A

type of protozoa with no mitochondria (makes energy via glycolysis) , multiple flagella like giardia lamblia that causes giardiasis, causing diarrhea weight loss, make cysts

69
Q

Parabasalids

A

type of protozoa with no mitochondria , no cyste. Example: Trichomonas Vaginalis that causes trichomoniasis STD found in vagina or in male urinary tract

70
Q

Euglenoza

A

Flagella, photoautotrophs found found in freshwater ponds. Hemoflagellates are the chemoheterotrophs sand fly is the vector for their sickness leishmaniasis and Trypanosoma brucei that causes sleeping sickness in africa

Microbiology (19 decks)

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