CH7: Age and Sex-Related Differences and Their Implications for Resistance Exercise Flashcards
maturation and development in terms of years and months
chronological age
skeletal age, somatic (physical) maturity, or sexual maturation
biological age
menarche
the onset of menstruation
most accurate and reliable form of assessing maturity
skeletal age assessment
age at which maximum rate of growth during the pubertal growth spurt
peak height velocity
when are youth most at risk of injury?
during peak height velocity
birth muscle mass
25%
adult muscle mass
40%
peak muscle mass in females
18-20
peak muscle mass in males
18-25
where does the majority of bone formation occur
diaphysis (central shaft of a long bone)
what is the secondary site for bone formation
growth cartilage
what are the three sites for growth cartilage in a child?
epiphyseal (growth plate) , joint surface, apophyseal insertion of muscle tendon units
when do girls typically achieve maturity compared to guys?
2-3 years earlier
injury to what may result in permanent growth disturbances?
growth cartilage
muscular and broader shoulders
mesomorphic
rounder and broader hips
endomorphic
slender and tall
ectomorphic
is 1RM testing safe in children and adolescence if appropriate testing guidelines are followed?
yes
strength relative to muscle cross sectional area has no difference between sexes (T/F)
T
what is a women’s power output relative to total body weight compared to men?
63%
what is the female athlete triad
energy availability, menstrual function, and bone mineral density
amenorrhea
the absence of a menstrual cycle for over three months
what causes amenorrhea
reduced secretion frequency of luteinizing hormone by the pituitary gland
what complications arise as a result of amenorrhea
bone stress fracture, endocrine and gastrointestinal complications
what sport injury in particular is a key consideration for women?
knee injuries particularly ACL
how do most ACL injuries occur in women?
noncontact mechanisms
what is the rate of decline in competitive weightlifting performance after the age of 30 in men?
1-1.5% per year until 70
osteopenia
bone mineral density between -1 and -2.5
sacropenia
loss of muscle mass and strength related to age
power recedes at a slower speed than strength with old age (T/F)
F - haven’t you heard of old man strength you fool
muscle activity before contact with the ground
preactivation
muscle activity immediately after contact with the ground
cocontraction
what is the recommended recovery between exercise sessions for older adults?
48-72 hours
