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NSCA CSCS > CH1: Structure and Function of Body Systems > Flashcards

CH1: Structure and Function of Body Systems Flashcards

1
Q

axial skeleton consists of

A

skull, vertebral column (C1 through the coccyx), ribs, and sternum

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2
Q

appendicular skeleton consists of

A

shoulder girdle, bones of arms, wrists, and hands. pelvic gridle, bones of legs ankles and feet

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3
Q

how much movement do fibrous joints allow

A

none

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4
Q

how much movement do cartilaginous joints allow

A

limited (intervertebral disks)

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5
Q

how much movement do synovial joints allow

A

considerable

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6
Q

what are the most important features of synovial joints

A

low friction, large range of motion

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7
Q

what covers the articulating end of a bone?

A

hyaline cartilage

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8
Q

joints are enclosed in a capsule filled with what?

A

synovial fluid

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9
Q

what is a uniaxial joint and list 2 examples

A

rotates about a single axis (hinge)

knees, elbow

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10
Q

what are biaxial joints and list 2 examples

A

allows movement about two perpendicular axis

wrists, ankles

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11
Q

what are multiaxial joints and list 2 examples

A

allow movement in all 3 perpendicular axis that define space

shoulders, and hips

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12
Q

what 4 sections make up the vertebral column

A

(CTLS) cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral

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13
Q

epimysium

A

fibrous connective tissue that covers skeletal muscle

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14
Q

periosteum

A

connective tissue covering all bone that tendons attach to

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15
Q

proximal vs distal

A

LIMB MUSCLES

closer to the trunk and farther from the trunk

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16
Q

superior vs inferior

A

TRUNK MUSCLES

closer to the head and closer to the feet

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17
Q

fasciculi

A

bundles of muscle fibers

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18
Q

connective tissue surrounding fasciculi

A

perimysium

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19
Q

endomysium

A

connective tissue surrounding muscle fiber

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20
Q

encircles endomysium, muscle fiber membrane

A

sarcolemma

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21
Q

what is the neuromuscular junction

A

junction between a motor neuron and the muslce fibers it innervates

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22
Q

a motor neuron and muscles it innervates

A

a motor unit

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23
Q

what does sarcoplasm consist of

A

protein filaments, other proteins, stored glycogen, fat particles, enzymes

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24
Q

inside the sarcoplasm there are hundred of

A

myofibrils

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25
Q

what two types of myofilaments make up a myofibirl

A

actin and myosin

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26
Q

cross bridge

A

pair of myosin filaments

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27
Q

what is the smallest contractile unit of skeletal muscle?

A

sarcomere

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28
Q

what is the Hzone

A

area in the center of the sarcomere where only myosin fibers are present

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29
Q

what controls muscular contraction?

A

the regulation of calcium ions

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30
Q

action potential

A

electrical nerve impulse

31
Q

what protein does calcium bind with during the excitation-contraction phase?

A

troponin

32
Q

the amount of force produced by a muscle at any point in time is directly related to what?

A

the number of myosin crossbridges bound to actin filaments cross sectionally at that same moment in time

33
Q

power stroke

A

energy for pulling action

34
Q

where does the power stroke come from?

A

the hydrolysis of ATP

35
Q

what causes the release of acetylcholine

A

arrival of action potential at the nerve terminal

36
Q

what does acetylcholine do?

A

causes excitation of the sarcolemma, causing fibers to contract

37
Q

what is the all or none principle of muslce?

A

all muscle fibers in a motor unit contract and develop force at the same time

38
Q

what is the twitch time on Type I fibers?

A

slow

39
Q

what is the twitch time on Type IIa fibers

A

fast

40
Q

what is the twitch time on Type IIx fibers?

A

fast

41
Q

rank Type I, IIa, IIx by how fast and powerful they are

A

IIx, IIa, I

42
Q

rank type I, IIa, IIx by how efficient they are

A

I, IIa, IIx

43
Q

what is it that relays information concerning muscles dynamics to central nervous system?

A

proprioceptors

44
Q

where are proprioceptors located?

A

within joints, muscles, and tendons

45
Q

muscle spindles

A

proprioceptors that provide information concerning muscle length and rate of change in length, they facilitate the activation of muscles

46
Q

GTO’s

A

golgi tendon organs, proprioceptors that send an inhibitory discharge as tension in the muscle increases

47
Q

the “pumps” of the heart consist of what two chambers?

A

atrium and ventricle

48
Q

what do the tricuspid valve and mitral valve do?

A

prevent the flow of blood from the ventricles back into the atria

49
Q

what do the aortic and pulmonary valve do?

A

prevent the backflow from the aorta and pulmonary arteries into the venticles

50
Q

ventricular contraction is called what?

A

systole

51
Q

ventricular relaxation is called what?

A

diastole

52
Q

what valves are active during ventricular contraction?

A

mitral and tricuspid valves

53
Q

what valves are active during ventricular relaxation

A

aortic and pulmonary

54
Q

what is the hearts intrinsic pace maker?

A

SA node

55
Q

where is the SA node located?

A

in the upper lateral wall of the right atrium

56
Q

how does an impulse from an SA node get conducted to all parts of the vetricles?

A

first through the atrioventricular node, which conducts the atrioventricular bundles left and right branches and all the purkinje fibers within those branches

57
Q

heart muslce

A

myocardium

58
Q

the autonomic nervous system is composed of what 2 subsystems?

A

sympathetic and parasympathetic

59
Q

sympathetic vs parasympathetic

A

sympathetic - accelerates heart rate, constricts blood vessels, raises blood pressure
parasympathetic - slows heart rate, increases gland activity, relaxes sphincter muslces

60
Q

< 60 BPM

A

bradycardia

61
Q

> 100 BPM

A

tachycardia

62
Q

P wave and QRS complex are recordings of what?

A

electrical depolarization

63
Q

the T wave is a recording of what

A

electrical repolarization

64
Q

what electrical stimulus leads to a mechanical contraction?

A

depolarization

65
Q

what carries blood away from the heart?

A

arteries

66
Q

what carries blood back towards the heart?

A

veins

67
Q

what component of the nervous system facilitates te exchange of oxygen, fluid, nutrients, electrolytes, hormones, and pretty much everything else

A

capillaries

68
Q

veins break down into what?

A

venules

69
Q

what enables the transport of oxygen in blood?

A

hemoglobin

70
Q

what additional function does hemoglobin have?

A

acid base buffer through the regulation of hydrogen ion concentration

71
Q

what is the first, second and all following respiratory generation passages?

A

trachea, bronchi, bronchioles

72
Q

pleural pressure

A

pressure in narrow space between pleura and chest wall

73
Q

what is the membranes enveloping the lungs and that lines the chest wall?

A

pleura

74
Q

alveolar pressure

A

pressure inside the alveoli when no air is flowing into or out of the lungs

NSCA CSCS (14 decks)

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