CH1: Structure and Function of Body Systems Flashcards
axial skeleton consists of
skull, vertebral column (C1 through the coccyx), ribs, and sternum
appendicular skeleton consists of
shoulder girdle, bones of arms, wrists, and hands. pelvic gridle, bones of legs ankles and feet
how much movement do fibrous joints allow
none
how much movement do cartilaginous joints allow
limited (intervertebral disks)
how much movement do synovial joints allow
considerable
what are the most important features of synovial joints
low friction, large range of motion
what covers the articulating end of a bone?
hyaline cartilage
joints are enclosed in a capsule filled with what?
synovial fluid
what is a uniaxial joint and list 2 examples
rotates about a single axis (hinge)
knees, elbow
what are biaxial joints and list 2 examples
allows movement about two perpendicular axis
wrists, ankles
what are multiaxial joints and list 2 examples
allow movement in all 3 perpendicular axis that define space
shoulders, and hips
what 4 sections make up the vertebral column
(CTLS) cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral
epimysium
fibrous connective tissue that covers skeletal muscle
periosteum
connective tissue covering all bone that tendons attach to
proximal vs distal
LIMB MUSCLES
closer to the trunk and farther from the trunk
superior vs inferior
TRUNK MUSCLES
closer to the head and closer to the feet
fasciculi
bundles of muscle fibers
connective tissue surrounding fasciculi
perimysium
endomysium
connective tissue surrounding muscle fiber
encircles endomysium, muscle fiber membrane
sarcolemma
what is the neuromuscular junction
junction between a motor neuron and the muslce fibers it innervates
a motor neuron and muscles it innervates
a motor unit
what does sarcoplasm consist of
protein filaments, other proteins, stored glycogen, fat particles, enzymes
inside the sarcoplasm there are hundred of
myofibrils
what two types of myofilaments make up a myofibirl
actin and myosin
cross bridge
pair of myosin filaments
what is the smallest contractile unit of skeletal muscle?
sarcomere
what is the Hzone
area in the center of the sarcomere where only myosin fibers are present
what controls muscular contraction?
the regulation of calcium ions
action potential
electrical nerve impulse
what protein does calcium bind with during the excitation-contraction phase?
troponin
the amount of force produced by a muscle at any point in time is directly related to what?
the number of myosin crossbridges bound to actin filaments cross sectionally at that same moment in time
power stroke
energy for pulling action
where does the power stroke come from?
the hydrolysis of ATP
what causes the release of acetylcholine
arrival of action potential at the nerve terminal
what does acetylcholine do?
causes excitation of the sarcolemma, causing fibers to contract
what is the all or none principle of muslce?
all muscle fibers in a motor unit contract and develop force at the same time
what is the twitch time on Type I fibers?
slow
what is the twitch time on Type IIa fibers
fast
what is the twitch time on Type IIx fibers?
fast
rank Type I, IIa, IIx by how fast and powerful they are
IIx, IIa, I
rank type I, IIa, IIx by how efficient they are
I, IIa, IIx
what is it that relays information concerning muscles dynamics to central nervous system?
proprioceptors
where are proprioceptors located?
within joints, muscles, and tendons
muscle spindles
proprioceptors that provide information concerning muscle length and rate of change in length, they facilitate the activation of muscles
GTO’s
golgi tendon organs, proprioceptors that send an inhibitory discharge as tension in the muscle increases
the “pumps” of the heart consist of what two chambers?
atrium and ventricle
what do the tricuspid valve and mitral valve do?
prevent the flow of blood from the ventricles back into the atria
what do the aortic and pulmonary valve do?
prevent the backflow from the aorta and pulmonary arteries into the venticles
ventricular contraction is called what?
systole
ventricular relaxation is called what?
diastole
what valves are active during ventricular contraction?
mitral and tricuspid valves
what valves are active during ventricular relaxation
aortic and pulmonary
what is the hearts intrinsic pace maker?
SA node
where is the SA node located?
in the upper lateral wall of the right atrium
how does an impulse from an SA node get conducted to all parts of the vetricles?
first through the atrioventricular node, which conducts the atrioventricular bundles left and right branches and all the purkinje fibers within those branches
heart muslce
myocardium
the autonomic nervous system is composed of what 2 subsystems?
sympathetic and parasympathetic
sympathetic vs parasympathetic
sympathetic - accelerates heart rate, constricts blood vessels, raises blood pressure
parasympathetic - slows heart rate, increases gland activity, relaxes sphincter muslces
< 60 BPM
bradycardia
> 100 BPM
tachycardia
P wave and QRS complex are recordings of what?
electrical depolarization
the T wave is a recording of what
electrical repolarization
what electrical stimulus leads to a mechanical contraction?
depolarization
what carries blood away from the heart?
arteries
what carries blood back towards the heart?
veins
what component of the nervous system facilitates te exchange of oxygen, fluid, nutrients, electrolytes, hormones, and pretty much everything else
capillaries
veins break down into what?
venules
what enables the transport of oxygen in blood?
hemoglobin
what additional function does hemoglobin have?
acid base buffer through the regulation of hydrogen ion concentration
what is the first, second and all following respiratory generation passages?
trachea, bronchi, bronchioles
pleural pressure
pressure in narrow space between pleura and chest wall
what is the membranes enveloping the lungs and that lines the chest wall?
pleura
alveolar pressure
pressure inside the alveoli when no air is flowing into or out of the lungs
