CH1: Structure and Function of Body Systems

Question 1

axial skeleton consists of

Answer 1

skull, vertebral column (C1 through the coccyx), ribs, and sternum

Question 2

appendicular skeleton consists of

Answer 2

shoulder girdle, bones of arms, wrists, and hands. pelvic gridle, bones of legs ankles and feet

Question 3

how much movement do fibrous joints allow

Answer 3

none

Question 4

how much movement do cartilaginous joints allow

Answer 4

limited (intervertebral disks)

Question 5

how much movement do synovial joints allow

Answer 5

considerable

Question 6

what are the most important features of synovial joints

Answer 6

low friction, large range of motion

Question 7

what covers the articulating end of a bone?

Answer 7

hyaline cartilage

Question 8

joints are enclosed in a capsule filled with what?

Answer 8

synovial fluid

Question 9

what is a uniaxial joint and list 2 examples

Answer 9

rotates about a single axis (hinge)

knees, elbow

Question 10

what are biaxial joints and list 2 examples

Answer 10

allows movement about two perpendicular axis

wrists, ankles

Question 11

what are multiaxial joints and list 2 examples

Answer 11

allow movement in all 3 perpendicular axis that define space

shoulders, and hips

Question 12

what 4 sections make up the vertebral column

Answer 12

(CTLS) cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral

Question 13

epimysium

Answer 13

fibrous connective tissue that covers skeletal muscle

Question 14

periosteum

Answer 14

connective tissue covering all bone that tendons attach to

Question 15

proximal vs distal

Answer 15

LIMB MUSCLES

closer to the trunk and farther from the trunk

Question 16

superior vs inferior

Answer 16

TRUNK MUSCLES

closer to the head and closer to the feet

Question 17

fasciculi

Answer 17

bundles of muscle fibers

Question 18

connective tissue surrounding fasciculi

Answer 18

perimysium

Question 19

endomysium

Answer 19

connective tissue surrounding muscle fiber

Question 20

encircles endomysium, muscle fiber membrane

Answer 20

sarcolemma

Question 21

what is the neuromuscular junction

Answer 21

junction between a motor neuron and the muslce fibers it innervates

Question 22

a motor neuron and muscles it innervates

Answer 22

a motor unit

Question 23

what does sarcoplasm consist of

Answer 23

protein filaments, other proteins, stored glycogen, fat particles, enzymes

Question 24

inside the sarcoplasm there are hundred of

Answer 24

myofibrils

Question 25

what two types of myofilaments make up a myofibirl

Answer 25

actin and myosin

Question 26

cross bridge

Answer 26

pair of myosin filaments

Question 27

what is the smallest contractile unit of skeletal muscle?

Answer 27

sarcomere

Question 28

what is the Hzone

Answer 28

area in the center of the sarcomere where only myosin fibers are present

Question 29

what controls muscular contraction?

Answer 29

the regulation of calcium ions

Question 30

action potential

Answer 30

electrical nerve impulse

Question 31

what protein does calcium bind with during the excitation-contraction phase?

Answer 31

troponin

Question 32

the amount of force produced by a muscle at any point in time is directly related to what?

Answer 32

the number of myosin crossbridges bound to actin filaments cross sectionally at that same moment in time

Question 33

power stroke

Answer 33

energy for pulling action

Question 34

where does the power stroke come from?

Answer 34

the hydrolysis of ATP

Question 35

what causes the release of acetylcholine

Answer 35

arrival of action potential at the nerve terminal

Question 36

what does acetylcholine do?

Answer 36

causes excitation of the sarcolemma, causing fibers to contract

Question 37

what is the all or none principle of muslce?

Answer 37

all muscle fibers in a motor unit contract and develop force at the same time

Question 38

what is the twitch time on Type I fibers?

Answer 38

slow

Question 39

what is the twitch time on Type IIa fibers

Answer 39

fast

Question 40

what is the twitch time on Type IIx fibers?

Answer 40

fast

Question 41

rank Type I, IIa, IIx by how fast and powerful they are

Answer 41

IIx, IIa, I

Question 42

rank type I, IIa, IIx by how efficient they are

Answer 42

I, IIa, IIx

Question 43

what is it that relays information concerning muscles dynamics to central nervous system?

Answer 43

proprioceptors

Question 44

where are proprioceptors located?

Answer 44

within joints, muscles, and tendons

Question 45

muscle spindles

Answer 45

proprioceptors that provide information concerning muscle length and rate of change in length, they facilitate the activation of muscles

Question 46

GTO's

Answer 46

golgi tendon organs, proprioceptors that send an inhibitory discharge as tension in the muscle increases

Question 47

the "pumps" of the heart consist of what two chambers?

Answer 47

atrium and ventricle

Question 48

what do the tricuspid valve and mitral valve do?

Answer 48

prevent the flow of blood from the ventricles back into the atria

Question 49

what do the aortic and pulmonary valve do?

Answer 49

prevent the backflow from the aorta and pulmonary arteries into the venticles

Question 50

ventricular contraction is called what?

Answer 50

systole

Question 51

ventricular relaxation is called what?

Answer 51

diastole

Question 52

what valves are active during ventricular contraction?

Answer 52

mitral and tricuspid valves

Question 53

what valves are active during ventricular relaxation

Answer 53

aortic and pulmonary

Question 54

what is the hearts intrinsic pace maker?

Answer 54

SA node

Question 55

where is the SA node located?

Answer 55

in the upper lateral wall of the right atrium

Question 56

how does an impulse from an SA node get conducted to all parts of the vetricles?

Answer 56

first through the atrioventricular node, which conducts the atrioventricular bundles left and right branches and all the purkinje fibers within those branches

Question 57

heart muslce

Answer 57

myocardium

Question 58

the autonomic nervous system is composed of what 2 subsystems?

Answer 58

sympathetic and parasympathetic

Question 59

sympathetic vs parasympathetic

Answer 59

sympathetic - accelerates heart rate, constricts blood vessels, raises blood pressure parasympathetic - slows heart rate, increases gland activity, relaxes sphincter muslces

Question 60

< 60 BPM

Answer 60

bradycardia

Question 61

> 100 BPM

Answer 61

tachycardia

Question 62

P wave and QRS complex are recordings of what?

Answer 62

electrical depolarization

Question 63

the T wave is a recording of what

Answer 63

electrical repolarization

Question 64

what electrical stimulus leads to a mechanical contraction?

Answer 64

depolarization

Question 65

what carries blood away from the heart?

Answer 65

arteries

Question 66

what carries blood back towards the heart?

Answer 66

veins

Question 67

what component of the nervous system facilitates te exchange of oxygen, fluid, nutrients, electrolytes, hormones, and pretty much everything else

Answer 67

capillaries

Question 68

veins break down into what?

Answer 68

venules

Question 69

what enables the transport of oxygen in blood?

Answer 69

hemoglobin

Question 70

what additional function does hemoglobin have?

Answer 70

acid base buffer through the regulation of hydrogen ion concentration

Question 71

what is the first, second and all following respiratory generation passages?

Answer 71

trachea, bronchi, bronchioles

Question 72

pleural pressure

Answer 72

pressure in narrow space between pleura and chest wall

Question 73

what is the membranes enveloping the lungs and that lines the chest wall?

Answer 73

pleura

Question 74

alveolar pressure

Answer 74

pressure inside the alveoli when no air is flowing into or out of the lungs