CH6: Adaptations to Aerobic Endurance Training Program

Question 1

formula for cardiac output (Q)

Answer 1

Q = stroke volume x heart rate

Question 2

at what % of maximal oxygen uptake does stroke volume begin to plateau?

Answer 2

40-50%

Question 3

end diastolic volume

Answer 3

volume of blood available to be pumped by the left ventricle at the end of the filling phase (diastole)

Question 4

what two physiological mechanisms are responsible for the regulation of stroke voluem?

Answer 4

end diastolic volume and the action of catecholamines (epinephrine and norepinephrine) which produce more forceful ventricular contraction

Question 5

venous return

Answer 5

blood returning to the heart

Question 6

During upright physical exercise an increase in end-diastolic volume due to the action of the peripheral muscle pump and increased venous tone can assist in enhancing stroke volume - what is this mechanism called?

Answer 6

the Frank Starling mechanism

Question 7

ejection fraction

Answer 7

fraction of the end diastolic volume ejected from the heart

Question 8

what is a simple way to estimate someone’s maximal heart rate?

Answer 8

subtract their age from 220

Question 9

amount of oxygen consumed by the bodies tissues

Answer 9

oxygen uptake

Question 10

maximal oxygen uptake

Answer 10

greatest amount of oxygen that can be used at the cellular level by the entire body

Question 11

what is the MET (metabolic equivalent) of the average person?

Answer 11

3.5ml of oxygen per kg of body weight per minute

Question 12

what is the range of maximal oxygen uptake in units of MET’s?

Answer 12

7.1 to 22.9 METs

Question 13

the fick equation

Answer 13

VO2 = Q x a-vO2 differential

Question 14

what is the a-vO2 differential

Answer 14

the difference in the oxygen content between arterial and venous blood

Question 15

pressure exerted against the arterial walls during ventricular contraction

Answer 15

systolic blood pressure

Question 16

rate pressure product

Answer 16

heart rate x systolic blood pressure

Question 17

pressure exerted against arterial walls when no blood is being forecfully ejected through the vessels

Answer 17

diastolic blood pressure

Question 18

average blood pressure through the cardiac cycle

Answer 18

mean arterial pressure

Question 19

how is mean arerial pressure calculated?

Answer 19

[(systolic - diastolic)/3] + diastolic

Question 20

at rest what percentage of cardiac output is distributed to skeletal muscle

Answer 20

15-20%

Question 21

during vigorous exercise what percentage of cardiac output is distributed to skeletal muslce?

Answer 21

up to 90%

Question 22

acute aerobic exercise results in a decrease of diastolic blood pressure (T/F)

Answer 22

T

Question 23

volume of air breathed per minute

Answer 23

minute ventilation

Question 24

amount of air inhaled and exhaled with each breath

Answer 24

tidal volume

Question 25

anatomical dead space

Answer 25

respiratory passages that are not functional for gas exchange

Question 26

physiological dead space

Answer 26

alveoli that are impaired for gas exchange

Question 27

bradycardia

Answer 27

slower heart rate in highly conditioned athletes

Question 28

adaptations to aerobic endurance training - muscular strength

Answer 28

no change

Question 29

adaptations to aerobic endurance training - capillary and mitochondrial density

Answer 29

increseases

Question 30

adaptations to aerobic endurance training - cytoplasmic activity

Answer 30

no change

Question 31

adaptations to aerobic endurance training - creatine phosphokinase

Answer 31

increases

Question 32

adaptations to aerobic endurance training - myokinase

Answer 32

increases

Question 33

adaptations to aerobic endurance training - stored ATP

Answer 33

increases

Question 34

adaptations to aerobic endurance training - stored glycogen

Answer 34

increases

Question 35

adaptations to aerobic endurance training - ligament and tendon strength

Answer 35

increases

Question 36

adaptations to aerobic endurance training - fat free mass

Answer 36

no change

Question 37

myoglobin

Answer 37

protein that transports oxygen within the cell

Question 38

at what altitude do acute physiological adjustments begin to occur?

Answer 38

3900 feet

Question 39

adaptations to aerobic endurance training - lactate threshold

Answer 39

increases

Question 40

adaptations to aerobic endurance training - carbohydrate utilization

Answer 40

spares (decreases) greater use of fat as a substrate

Question 41

altitude can increase heart rate and cardiac output by what percent?

Answer 41

30-50%

Question 42

how long does it take to adjust to a higher altitude (heart rate and cardiac output returning to normal values)

Answer 42

10-14 days

Question 43

hyperoxic breathing

Answer 43

breathing oxygen enriched gas mixtures during rest periods or following exercise

Question 44

artificially increasing red blood cell mass

Answer 44

blood doping

Question 45

what does erythropoietin (EPO) do?

Answer 45

stimulates red blood cell production

Question 46

planned reduction of volume of training (duration and frequency but no intensity)

Answer 46

tapering