CH6: Adaptations to Aerobic Endurance Training Program Flashcards
formula for cardiac output (Q)
Q = stroke volume x heart rate
at what % of maximal oxygen uptake does stroke volume begin to plateau?
40-50%
end diastolic volume
volume of blood available to be pumped by the left ventricle at the end of the filling phase (diastole)
what two physiological mechanisms are responsible for the regulation of stroke voluem?
end diastolic volume and the action of catecholamines (epinephrine and norepinephrine) which produce more forceful ventricular contraction
venous return
blood returning to the heart
During upright physical exercise an increase in end-diastolic volume due to the action of the peripheral muscle pump and increased venous tone can assist in enhancing stroke volume - what is this mechanism called?
the Frank Starling mechanism
ejection fraction
fraction of the end diastolic volume ejected from the heart
what is a simple way to estimate someone’s maximal heart rate?
subtract their age from 220
amount of oxygen consumed by the bodies tissues
oxygen uptake
maximal oxygen uptake
greatest amount of oxygen that can be used at the cellular level by the entire body
what is the MET (metabolic equivalent) of the average person?
3.5ml of oxygen per kg of body weight per minute
what is the range of maximal oxygen uptake in units of MET’s?
7.1 to 22.9 METs
the fick equation
VO2 = Q x a-vO2 differential
what is the a-vO2 differential
the difference in the oxygen content between arterial and venous blood
pressure exerted against the arterial walls during ventricular contraction
systolic blood pressure
rate pressure product
heart rate x systolic blood pressure
pressure exerted against arterial walls when no blood is being forecfully ejected through the vessels
diastolic blood pressure
average blood pressure through the cardiac cycle
mean arterial pressure
how is mean arerial pressure calculated?
[(systolic - diastolic)/3] + diastolic
at rest what percentage of cardiac output is distributed to skeletal muscle
15-20%
during vigorous exercise what percentage of cardiac output is distributed to skeletal muslce?
up to 90%
acute aerobic exercise results in a decrease of diastolic blood pressure (T/F)
T
volume of air breathed per minute
minute ventilation
amount of air inhaled and exhaled with each breath
tidal volume
anatomical dead space
respiratory passages that are not functional for gas exchange
physiological dead space
alveoli that are impaired for gas exchange
bradycardia
slower heart rate in highly conditioned athletes
adaptations to aerobic endurance training - muscular strength
no change
adaptations to aerobic endurance training - capillary and mitochondrial density
increseases
adaptations to aerobic endurance training - cytoplasmic activity
no change
adaptations to aerobic endurance training - creatine phosphokinase
increases
adaptations to aerobic endurance training - myokinase
increases
adaptations to aerobic endurance training - stored ATP
increases
adaptations to aerobic endurance training - stored glycogen
increases
adaptations to aerobic endurance training - ligament and tendon strength
increases
adaptations to aerobic endurance training - fat free mass
no change
myoglobin
protein that transports oxygen within the cell
at what altitude do acute physiological adjustments begin to occur?
3900 feet
adaptations to aerobic endurance training - lactate threshold
increases
adaptations to aerobic endurance training - carbohydrate utilization
spares (decreases) greater use of fat as a substrate
altitude can increase heart rate and cardiac output by what percent?
30-50%
how long does it take to adjust to a higher altitude (heart rate and cardiac output returning to normal values)
10-14 days
hyperoxic breathing
breathing oxygen enriched gas mixtures during rest periods or following exercise
artificially increasing red blood cell mass
blood doping
what does erythropoietin (EPO) do?
stimulates red blood cell production
planned reduction of volume of training (duration and frequency but no intensity)
tapering
