CH11: Performance-Enhancing Substances and Methods Flashcards
ergogenic aid
any substance, mechanical aid, or training method that improves sport performance
the difference between a drug and a dietary supplement depends on what?
FDA approval
most commonly used hormone
testosterone
anabolic steroids
synthetic derivatives of the male sex hormone testosterone
administering several different drugs simultaneously to increase the potency of each drug via an additive effect
stacking
what is the average agents and cycle time for steroid users?
3.1 agents at 5-10 weeks of cycle time
a version of altered self image where individuals who are large and muscular believe that they look small and weak
muscle dysmorphia
what are the ergogenic benefits of anabolic steroids?
increased muscle mass, strength, and athletic performance
adverse cardiovascular effects of anabolic steroids
lipid profile changes, elevated blood pressure, decreased myocardial function
adverse endocrine effects of anabolic steroids
gynecomastia, decreased sperm count, testicular atrophy, impotence and infertility
adverse dermatological effect of anabolic steroids
acne, male pattern baldness
anabolic steroid increase the risk of what type of cancer?
liver cancer
adverse musculoskeletal effects of anabolic steroids
premature epiphyseal plate closure, increased risk of tendon tears, intramuscular abscess
adverse psychological effects of anabolic steroids
mania, depression, aggression, hostility, mood swings
prohormones
precursors to other hormones
HCG
hormone obtained from the placenta of pregnant women which is closely related in structure and function to luteinizing hormones’
when is HCG typically used and why?
at the end of a anabolic steroid cycle in males to counteract the suppression of endogenous (natural) production of testosterone
by what function does insulin elicit gains in lean muscle mass?
by suppressing the breakdown of proteins
protein secreted by the anterior pituitary gland
human growth hormone
what is the major risk for athletes using HCG
acromegaly
acromegaly
disfiguring disease characterized by a widening of the bones, arthritis, organ enlargement, and metabolic abnormalities
what ergogenic drug cannot be found in a urine test?
HGH
produced by the kidneys and stimulates the production of new red blood cells
erythropoietin
what is the benefit of EPO
enhanced oxygen carrying capacity in blood
what is the risk of EPO?
potentially death, it alters the stimulus for producing red blood cells to the point where it no longer controllable
substances related to epinephrine that regulate lipolysis and thermogenesis
Beta-agonists
partitioning agents
agents that partition nutrients and energy towards protein synthesis (lean protein accretion) and dramatically lower fat
drugs that prevent catecholamines from binding to their receptors
Beta-blockers
what are the benefits of beta-blockers?
they reduce anxiety and tremors during performance
what are the adverse effects of beta blockers?
impair cardiovascular performance by reducing maximal heart rate and oxygen consumption
ergolytic effect
reduction in performance
BCAAs
branch chain amino acids - isoleucine, leucine, and valine
EAA that is required for the synthesis of protein and creatine and results in the production of NO2 when metabolized
arginine
what is the key training benefit to elevated nitric oxide levels?
vasodialation
is it advisable for healthy individual to supplement arginine to increase nitric oxide production?
no because research has shown that it has no effect on nitric oxide production, enhanced muscle blood flow, or endurance exercise improvement, aka its useless
what is the key benefit of HMB
it regulates protein breakdown so it minimizes losses of lean muscle mass in situations that promote a catabolic state
when is HMB most effective
when adequate training stimulus is provided
muscle buffering capacity (MBC)
the ability to regulate hydrogen ions in skeletal muscle during high intensity exercise
beta-alanine, sodium bicarbonate, and sodium citrate are example of what?
supplements that improve MBC
when is beta alanine effective?
during multiple bouts of high intensity exercises lasting more than 60 seconds or when fatigue is already present
what is a potential side effect of beta alanine
paresthesia (tingling, pricking, or numbness in a persons skin)
what does 0.3g/kg of body mass dosage of sodium bicoarbonate improve?
short duration high intensity exercise performance
what is the benefit of sodium citrate over other MBC’s
it doesn’t possess the same adverse gastrointestinal effects
what are the ergogenic effects of L-Carnitine?
increased lipid oxidization - increased fat utilization while sparing muscle glycogen stores
decrease in pain and muscle damage following high intensity resistance exercise in untrained individuals
where is 98% of creatine stored?
in skeletal muscle
what two forms can creatine be stored in?
free from or phophorylated form
what is the suggested creatine dosing?
0.3g/kg of body mass for the first 5 days followed by a maintenance dose of 2g per day
how much fat free mass is typically gained with creatine supplementation?
1-4.5 pounds
what is the benefit of caffeine as a supplement?
enhanced power output (through improved excitation-contraction coupling)
what dose of caffeine is ergogenic?
3-9mg/kg of body weight consume about an hour before exercise or during prolonged exercise
what stimulant when taken with caffeine enhances the ergogenic effects?
ephedrine
what dosage of caffeine and ephedrine is recommended to avoid the vomiting-nausea side effect?
4mg/kg caffeine and 0.8mg/kg ephedrine
what stimulant when taken with caffeine improves time to fatigue?
citrus aurantium
