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NSCA CSCS > CH11: Performance-Enhancing Substances and Methods > Flashcards

CH11: Performance-Enhancing Substances and Methods Flashcards

1
Q

ergogenic aid

A

any substance, mechanical aid, or training method that improves sport performance

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2
Q

the difference between a drug and a dietary supplement depends on what?

A

FDA approval

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3
Q

most commonly used hormone

A

testosterone

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4
Q

anabolic steroids

A

synthetic derivatives of the male sex hormone testosterone

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5
Q

administering several different drugs simultaneously to increase the potency of each drug via an additive effect

A

stacking

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6
Q

what is the average agents and cycle time for steroid users?

A

3.1 agents at 5-10 weeks of cycle time

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7
Q

a version of altered self image where individuals who are large and muscular believe that they look small and weak

A

muscle dysmorphia

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8
Q

what are the ergogenic benefits of anabolic steroids?

A

increased muscle mass, strength, and athletic performance

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9
Q

adverse cardiovascular effects of anabolic steroids

A

lipid profile changes, elevated blood pressure, decreased myocardial function

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10
Q

adverse endocrine effects of anabolic steroids

A

gynecomastia, decreased sperm count, testicular atrophy, impotence and infertility

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11
Q

adverse dermatological effect of anabolic steroids

A

acne, male pattern baldness

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12
Q

anabolic steroid increase the risk of what type of cancer?

A

liver cancer

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13
Q

adverse musculoskeletal effects of anabolic steroids

A

premature epiphyseal plate closure, increased risk of tendon tears, intramuscular abscess

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14
Q

adverse psychological effects of anabolic steroids

A

mania, depression, aggression, hostility, mood swings

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15
Q

prohormones

A

precursors to other hormones

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16
Q

HCG

A

hormone obtained from the placenta of pregnant women which is closely related in structure and function to luteinizing hormones’

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17
Q

when is HCG typically used and why?

A

at the end of a anabolic steroid cycle in males to counteract the suppression of endogenous (natural) production of testosterone

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18
Q

by what function does insulin elicit gains in lean muscle mass?

A

by suppressing the breakdown of proteins

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19
Q

protein secreted by the anterior pituitary gland

A

human growth hormone

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20
Q

what is the major risk for athletes using HCG

A

acromegaly

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21
Q

acromegaly

A

disfiguring disease characterized by a widening of the bones, arthritis, organ enlargement, and metabolic abnormalities

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22
Q

what ergogenic drug cannot be found in a urine test?

A

HGH

23
Q

produced by the kidneys and stimulates the production of new red blood cells

A

erythropoietin

24
Q

what is the benefit of EPO

A

enhanced oxygen carrying capacity in blood

25
Q

what is the risk of EPO?

A

potentially death, it alters the stimulus for producing red blood cells to the point where it no longer controllable

26
Q

substances related to epinephrine that regulate lipolysis and thermogenesis

A

Beta-agonists

27
Q

partitioning agents

A

agents that partition nutrients and energy towards protein synthesis (lean protein accretion) and dramatically lower fat

28
Q

drugs that prevent catecholamines from binding to their receptors

A

Beta-blockers

29
Q

what are the benefits of beta-blockers?

A

they reduce anxiety and tremors during performance

30
Q

what are the adverse effects of beta blockers?

A

impair cardiovascular performance by reducing maximal heart rate and oxygen consumption

31
Q

ergolytic effect

A

reduction in performance

32
Q

BCAAs

A

branch chain amino acids - isoleucine, leucine, and valine

33
Q

EAA that is required for the synthesis of protein and creatine and results in the production of NO2 when metabolized

A

arginine

34
Q

what is the key training benefit to elevated nitric oxide levels?

A

vasodialation

35
Q

is it advisable for healthy individual to supplement arginine to increase nitric oxide production?

A

no because research has shown that it has no effect on nitric oxide production, enhanced muscle blood flow, or endurance exercise improvement, aka its useless

36
Q

what is the key benefit of HMB

A

it regulates protein breakdown so it minimizes losses of lean muscle mass in situations that promote a catabolic state

37
Q

when is HMB most effective

A

when adequate training stimulus is provided

38
Q

muscle buffering capacity (MBC)

A

the ability to regulate hydrogen ions in skeletal muscle during high intensity exercise

39
Q

beta-alanine, sodium bicarbonate, and sodium citrate are example of what?

A

supplements that improve MBC

40
Q

when is beta alanine effective?

A

during multiple bouts of high intensity exercises lasting more than 60 seconds or when fatigue is already present

41
Q

what is a potential side effect of beta alanine

A

paresthesia (tingling, pricking, or numbness in a persons skin)

42
Q

what does 0.3g/kg of body mass dosage of sodium bicoarbonate improve?

A

short duration high intensity exercise performance

43
Q

what is the benefit of sodium citrate over other MBC’s

A

it doesn’t possess the same adverse gastrointestinal effects

44
Q

what are the ergogenic effects of L-Carnitine?

A

increased lipid oxidization - increased fat utilization while sparing muscle glycogen stores
decrease in pain and muscle damage following high intensity resistance exercise in untrained individuals

45
Q

where is 98% of creatine stored?

A

in skeletal muscle

46
Q

what two forms can creatine be stored in?

A

free from or phophorylated form

47
Q

what is the suggested creatine dosing?

A

0.3g/kg of body mass for the first 5 days followed by a maintenance dose of 2g per day

48
Q

how much fat free mass is typically gained with creatine supplementation?

A

1-4.5 pounds

49
Q

what is the benefit of caffeine as a supplement?

A

enhanced power output (through improved excitation-contraction coupling)

50
Q

what dose of caffeine is ergogenic?

A

3-9mg/kg of body weight consume about an hour before exercise or during prolonged exercise

51
Q

what stimulant when taken with caffeine enhances the ergogenic effects?

A

ephedrine

52
Q

what dosage of caffeine and ephedrine is recommended to avoid the vomiting-nausea side effect?

A

4mg/kg caffeine and 0.8mg/kg ephedrine

53
Q

what stimulant when taken with caffeine improves time to fatigue?

A

citrus aurantium

NSCA CSCS (14 decks)

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