CH11: Performance-Enhancing Substances and Methods

Question 1

ergogenic aid

Answer 1

any substance, mechanical aid, or training method that improves sport performance

Question 2

the difference between a drug and a dietary supplement depends on what?

Answer 2

FDA approval

Question 3

most commonly used hormone

Answer 3

testosterone

Question 4

anabolic steroids

Answer 4

synthetic derivatives of the male sex hormone testosterone

Question 5

administering several different drugs simultaneously to increase the potency of each drug via an additive effect

Answer 5

stacking

Question 6

what is the average agents and cycle time for steroid users?

Answer 6

3.1 agents at 5-10 weeks of cycle time

Question 7

a version of altered self image where individuals who are large and muscular believe that they look small and weak

Answer 7

muscle dysmorphia

Question 8

what are the ergogenic benefits of anabolic steroids?

Answer 8

increased muscle mass, strength, and athletic performance

Question 9

adverse cardiovascular effects of anabolic steroids

Answer 9

lipid profile changes, elevated blood pressure, decreased myocardial function

Question 10

adverse endocrine effects of anabolic steroids

Answer 10

gynecomastia, decreased sperm count, testicular atrophy, impotence and infertility

Question 11

adverse dermatological effect of anabolic steroids

Answer 11

acne, male pattern baldness

Question 12

anabolic steroid increase the risk of what type of cancer?

Answer 12

liver cancer

Question 13

adverse musculoskeletal effects of anabolic steroids

Answer 13

premature epiphyseal plate closure, increased risk of tendon tears, intramuscular abscess

Question 14

adverse psychological effects of anabolic steroids

Answer 14

mania, depression, aggression, hostility, mood swings

Question 15

prohormones

Answer 15

precursors to other hormones

Question 16

HCG

Answer 16

hormone obtained from the placenta of pregnant women which is closely related in structure and function to luteinizing hormones’

Question 17

when is HCG typically used and why?

Answer 17

at the end of a anabolic steroid cycle in males to counteract the suppression of endogenous (natural) production of testosterone

Question 18

by what function does insulin elicit gains in lean muscle mass?

Answer 18

by suppressing the breakdown of proteins

Question 19

protein secreted by the anterior pituitary gland

Answer 19

human growth hormone

Question 20

what is the major risk for athletes using HCG

Answer 20

acromegaly

Question 21

acromegaly

Answer 21

disfiguring disease characterized by a widening of the bones, arthritis, organ enlargement, and metabolic abnormalities

Question 22

what ergogenic drug cannot be found in a urine test?

Answer 22

HGH

Question 23

produced by the kidneys and stimulates the production of new red blood cells

Answer 23

erythropoietin

Question 24

what is the benefit of EPO

Answer 24

enhanced oxygen carrying capacity in blood

Question 25

what is the risk of EPO?

Answer 25

potentially death, it alters the stimulus for producing red blood cells to the point where it no longer controllable

Question 26

substances related to epinephrine that regulate lipolysis and thermogenesis

Answer 26

Beta-agonists

Question 27

partitioning agents

Answer 27

agents that partition nutrients and energy towards protein synthesis (lean protein accretion) and dramatically lower fat

Question 28

drugs that prevent catecholamines from binding to their receptors

Answer 28

Beta-blockers

Question 29

what are the benefits of beta-blockers?

Answer 29

they reduce anxiety and tremors during performance

Question 30

what are the adverse effects of beta blockers?

Answer 30

impair cardiovascular performance by reducing maximal heart rate and oxygen consumption

Question 31

ergolytic effect

Answer 31

reduction in performance

Question 32

BCAAs

Answer 32

branch chain amino acids - isoleucine, leucine, and valine

Question 33

EAA that is required for the synthesis of protein and creatine and results in the production of NO2 when metabolized

Answer 33

arginine

Question 34

what is the key training benefit to elevated nitric oxide levels?

Answer 34

vasodialation

Question 35

is it advisable for healthy individual to supplement arginine to increase nitric oxide production?

Answer 35

no because research has shown that it has no effect on nitric oxide production, enhanced muscle blood flow, or endurance exercise improvement, aka its useless

Question 36

what is the key benefit of HMB

Answer 36

it regulates protein breakdown so it minimizes losses of lean muscle mass in situations that promote a catabolic state

Question 37

when is HMB most effective

Answer 37

when adequate training stimulus is provided

Question 38

muscle buffering capacity (MBC)

Answer 38

the ability to regulate hydrogen ions in skeletal muscle during high intensity exercise

Question 39

beta-alanine, sodium bicarbonate, and sodium citrate are example of what?

Answer 39

supplements that improve MBC

Question 40

when is beta alanine effective?

Answer 40

during multiple bouts of high intensity exercises lasting more than 60 seconds or when fatigue is already present

Question 41

what is a potential side effect of beta alanine

Answer 41

paresthesia (tingling, pricking, or numbness in a persons skin)

Question 42

what does 0.3g/kg of body mass dosage of sodium bicoarbonate improve?

Answer 42

short duration high intensity exercise performance

Question 43

what is the benefit of sodium citrate over other MBC's

Answer 43

it doesn't possess the same adverse gastrointestinal effects

Question 44

what are the ergogenic effects of L-Carnitine?

Answer 44

increased lipid oxidization - increased fat utilization while sparing muscle glycogen stores decrease in pain and muscle damage following high intensity resistance exercise in untrained individuals

Question 45

where is 98% of creatine stored?

Answer 45

in skeletal muscle

Question 46

what two forms can creatine be stored in?

Answer 46

free from or phophorylated form

Question 47

what is the suggested creatine dosing?

Answer 47

0.3g/kg of body mass for the first 5 days followed by a maintenance dose of 2g per day

Question 48

how much fat free mass is typically gained with creatine supplementation?

Answer 48

1-4.5 pounds

Question 49

what is the benefit of caffeine as a supplement?

Answer 49

enhanced power output (through improved excitation-contraction coupling)

Question 50

what dose of caffeine is ergogenic?

Answer 50

3-9mg/kg of body weight consume about an hour before exercise or during prolonged exercise

Question 51

what stimulant when taken with caffeine enhances the ergogenic effects?

Answer 51

ephedrine

Question 52

what dosage of caffeine and ephedrine is recommended to avoid the vomiting-nausea side effect?

Answer 52

4mg/kg caffeine and 0.8mg/kg ephedrine

Question 53

what stimulant when taken with caffeine improves time to fatigue?

Answer 53

citrus aurantium