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NSCA CSCS > CH3: Bioenergetics of Exercise and Training > Flashcards

CH3: Bioenergetics of Exercise and Training Flashcards

1
Q

Energy demands placed on the body by a particular exercise

A

metabolic specificity

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2
Q

Flow of energy in a biological system

A

bioenergetics

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3
Q

Catabolism

A

breakdown of large molecules into smaller molecules to release energy

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4
Q

Anabolism

A

synthesis of larger molecules from smaller molecules using energy from catabolic reactions

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5
Q

Energy releasing reactions

A

exergonic

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6
Q

Energy requiring reactions

A

endergonic

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7
Q

Catabolic reactions tend to be exergonic or endergonic?

A

exergonic

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8
Q

The contraction of muscle is exergonic or endergonic?

A

endergonic

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9
Q

The total of all catabolic (exergonic) and anabolic (endergonic) reactions in a biological system

A

metabolism

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10
Q

what allows the transfer of energy from exergonic to endergonic reactions in the body?

A

ATP (adenosine triphosphate)

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11
Q

hydrolysis (with regard to bioenergetics)

A

breakdown of one ATP molecule to yield energy

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12
Q

what enzyme catalyzes the hydrolysis of ATP?

A

adenosine trisphosphatase (ATPase)

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13
Q

what are the three types of ATPase in the body and what do they do?

A

myosin (crossbridge recycling)
calcium (pumping calcium into the sarcopolasmic reticulum)
sodium-potassium (maintaining sarcolemmal concentration gradient after depolarization)

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14
Q

where to ATP producing processes occur?

A

in the cell

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15
Q

what are the three basic energy system in mammalian muscle cells? (used to replenish ATP)

A

phosphagen, glycolysis, oxidative

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16
Q

processes that do not require oxygen are referred to as?

A

anaerobic

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17
Q

processes that require oxygen are referred to as?

A

aerobic

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18
Q

List the two anaerobic mechanisms covered and where they occur

A

phosphagen and glycolytic systems, sarcoplasm of a muscle cell

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19
Q

List two mechanisms within the oxidative system and where they occur

A

krebs cycle and electron transport, mitochondria of a muscle cell

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20
Q

what macronutrient can be metabolized for energy without the direct involvement of oxygen?

A

carbohydrates

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21
Q

the phosphagen system is active at the start of all exercises regardless of intensity (T/F)

A

T

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22
Q

what does the phosphagen system rely on?

A

the hydrolysis of ATP and the breakdown of creatine phosphate

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23
Q

how does the body maintain the concentration of ATP needed to perform exercise?

A

the creatine kinase reaction

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24
Q

what is the ration of CP and ATP concentration found under normal circumstances?

A

4:1 - 6:1

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25
Q

what muscle fiber types contain the highest concentration of CP?

A

Type II

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26
Q

What product of the adenylate kynase reaction is a powerful stimulant for glycolysis?

A

AMP

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27
Q

what law states that the concentrations of reactants or products in a solution will drive the direction of the reactions?

A

law of mass action

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28
Q

what is glycolysis?

A

the breakdown of carbohydrate

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29
Q

what are the two sources of carbohydrates in glycolysis?

A

glycogen in the muscle and glucose in the blood

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30
Q

what is the end product of glycolysis?

A

pyruvate

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31
Q

the end result of glycolysis may proceed in which two directions?

A
  1. pyruvate to lactate in sarcoplasm

2. pyruvate to the mitochondria

32
Q

what is fast glycolysis and why is it called that?

A

pyruvate to lactate, because ATP resynthesis occurs at a faster rate than krebs cycle ATP resynthesis

33
Q

what controls the conversion of pyruvate (determines its fate)

A

the energy demands of the cell
high intensity and quick = convert to lactate
low intensity and oxygen is present = krebs cycle

34
Q

the end result of the catylization of pyruvate by lactate dehydrogenase is what?

A

Lactate (NOT lactic acid)

35
Q

concentration of lactate in muscular tissue causes fatigue (T/F)

A

F

36
Q

what is responsible for peripheral fatigue that occurs during exercise?

A

reduction in PH (metabolic acidosis)

37
Q

what is lactate used as especially in type I and cardiac muscle fibers?

A

an energy substrate

38
Q

what is glucogenesis?

A

the formation of glucose from non carbohydrate sources

39
Q

how is lactate cleared and buffered from the blood?

A

through oxidation within the muscle fiber where it was produced, or transported in the blood to other muscle fibers to be oxidized

40
Q

when lactate is transported to the liver what does it become and what is this process called?

A

glucose, the cori cycle

41
Q

what gets transported alongside pyruvate to the mitochondria?

A

NADH

42
Q

what is the difference between substrate-level and oxidative phosphorylation?

A

substrate level is the direct resynthesis of ATP from ADP

oxidative level resynthesizes ATP in the electron transport chain

43
Q

what is glycogeneolysis

A

when muscle glycogen is broken down to glucose

44
Q

what are the two sources of glucose for the hydrolysis of ATP?

A

blood glucose and muscle glycogen

45
Q

what is the net resynthesis of ATP when glycolysis begins from muscle glycogen?

A

3

46
Q

what is the net resynthesis of ATP when glycolysis begins from blood glucose?

A

2

47
Q

what enzyme catalyzes the reaction that converts fructose-6-phosphate to fructose-1, 6-biphosphate?

A

PFK (phosphofructokinase)

48
Q

allosteric inhibition

A

when an end product binds to the regulatory enzyme and decreases its turnover rate, slowing product formation

49
Q

allosteric activation

A

when an “activator” binds with the enzyme and increases its turnover rate, speeding up product formation

50
Q

the term given to the slowest step in the overall reaction

A

rate limiting step

51
Q

what is the rate limiting step in glycolysis?

A

PFK (phosphofructokinase)

52
Q

there is an increased reliance on what once the lactate threshold is overcome?

A

anaerobic mechanisms for energy production

53
Q

when does the LT (lactate threshold) typically begin in untrained vs trained individuals?

A

50-60% of oxygen uptake (untrained)

70-80% of oxygen uptake (trained)

54
Q

at what concentration of lactate does the onset of blood lactate accumulation occur?

A

4mmol/L

55
Q

during prolonged, submaximal, steady state work what is the shift in macronutrient used for energy?

A

from almost 100% carbohydrates to fats and to a much smaller extent protein

56
Q

what two types of molecules transport hydrogen ions to the ETC to product ATP from ADP?

A

NADH and FADH

57
Q

cytochromes

A

series of electron carriers in a chain

58
Q

what percent of ATP supply comes from oxidative phosphorylation, substrate-level phosphorylation?

A

90%, 10%

59
Q

what happens to free fatty acids when they enter the mitochondria?

A

they undergo beta oxidation

60
Q

what are the end products of beta oxidation and where are they transported to?

A

hydrogen protons (transported by NADH and FADH to the ETC) and acetyle-CoA (enters the krebs cycle directly)

61
Q

which macronutrient has the greatest capacity for ATP synthesis on the molecular level?

A

fats

62
Q

what major amino acids are oxidized in skeletal muscle?

A

branched chain amino acids (leucine, isoleucine, valine)

63
Q

how much energy (a range) does the oxidation of protein contribute during prolonged activity?

A

3-18%

64
Q

what is the relationship between rate of ATP production and capacity to produce ATP for any given system?

A

inverse

65
Q

what does the extent to which a given energy system contributes to ATP production depend on primarily?

A

the intensity of the activity (duration being secondary)

66
Q

at rest only the oxidative system is used for energy (T/F)

A

F - never is any one system used for total energy

67
Q

approximately how much glycogen is stored in the bodys total muscle? how much in the liver

A

300-400g in muscle, 70-100g in liver

68
Q

muscle glycogen is used primarily during high intensity exercise (T/F)

A

T

69
Q

at what blood glucose value do hypoglycemic reaction begin to occur?

A

2.5mmol/L

70
Q

two resistance training sessions of equal work but differing intensities will deplete the same amount of glycogen (T/F)

A

T

71
Q

oxygen deficit

A

the initial anaerobic contribution to energy at the start of exercise to compensate for the slow start of the aerobic system

72
Q

oxygen debt

A

post exercise oxygen uptake which remains higher then pre exercise levels for a period of time

73
Q

what is the name for the oxygen uptake above resting values used to restore the body to the preexercise condition?

A

EPOC (excess poste-exercise oxygen consumption)

74
Q

brief repeated bouts of high intensity exercise with intermittent recovery periods?

A

HIIT

75
Q

predetermined intervals of exercise and rest periods

A

interval training

76
Q

cross training

A

combination of anaerobic and aerobic activity

77
Q

aerobic training enhances anaerobic training goals (strength, power) (T/F)

A

F

NSCA CSCS (14 decks)

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