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Elsa AACN > Ch4 neuroanatomy and neuropharmacology > Flashcards

Ch4 neuroanatomy and neuropharmacology Flashcards

1
Q

Human nervous system is composed of

A

central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS)

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2
Q

central nervous system (CNS) includes

A

brain and spinal cord

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3
Q

peripheral nervous system (PNS) includes

A

everything except brain and spinal cord

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4
Q

the brain is divided into which 3 main components?

A

forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain

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5
Q

forebrain includes which 2 parts?

A

cerebral hemisphere and diencephalon

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6
Q

hindbrain are comprised of which 3 parts?

A

medulla, pons, cerebellum

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7
Q

In terms of orientation, what is another term from “front-back”?

A

ventral-dorsal

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8
Q

Ventral is toward the…

A

belly

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9
Q

In terms of orientation, what is another term from “up-down”?

A

rostral/superior - caudal/inferior

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10
Q

Above the spinal cord, ventral/dorsal means

A

inferior/superior in the brain

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11
Q

Below the spinal cord, ventral/dorsal means

A

front and back in the spinal cord

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12
Q

Below the spinal cord, rostral/caudal means

A

toward the head/toes in the cord

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13
Q

Above the spinal cord, rostral/caudal means

A

anterior/posterior in the brain

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14
Q

Gray matter

A

cell bodies of neurons

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15
Q

White matter

A

myelinated axons

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16
Q

What does white matter do?

A

provide communication among cortical areas and between cortical and subcortical structures over longer distances

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17
Q

Damage to the white matter pathways when functional brain regions are deprived of input and output through white matter damage

A

Disconnection syndromes

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18
Q

unimodal cortex

A
  • an association area that primarily deals with information from one sense modality.
  • For example, visual association cortex is devoted to the integration of different types of visual information.
  • plays a prominent role in perception
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19
Q

polymodal cortex

A
  • processes information received from disparate modalities through afferent connections
  • involved in higher order conceptual processes that are less dependent on concrete sensory information than on abstract features extracted from multiple inputs
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20
Q

Frontal lobe can be subdivided into the following 3 regions

A

1) orbitofrontal/ventromedial region
2) dorsalateral region
3) dorsomedial region

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21
Q

Orbitofrontal/ventromedial region is responsible for

A
  • emotional regulation
  • reward monitoring
  • personality
  • decision making
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22
Q

Damage to the orbitofrontal/ventromedial region results in

A
  • disordered reward/punishment processing
  • problems making perceptual and learning experiences with reward value and emotional significance
  • poor decision making
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23
Q

Dorsolateral region is responsible for

A
  • cognitive executive functions, executive attention
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24
Q

Damage to the dorsalateral regions results in

A
  • dysexecutive syndromes
  • impairments in working memory
  • poor attentional control of behavior
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25
Q

Dorsomedial region is responsible for

A
  • intentional and behavioral activation
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26
Q

Damage to the dorsomedial prefrontal cortex results in

A
  • impairments in initiated behavior including akinetic mutism
  • apathy
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27
Q

Akinetic mutism means

A

person is alert and awake, not comatose, but cannot speak or move

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28
Q

Temporal lobes can be divided into which 3 regions?

A

1) Temporal polar cortical areas
2) Ventral temporal areas
3) Posterior temporal region

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29
Q

Temporal polar cortical areas are responsible for

A

intersensory integration and semantic memory

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30
Q

Ventral temporal areas are responsible for

A

object recognition and discrimination

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31
Q

Bilateral damage to ventral temporal areas can result in

A

object or face agnosia

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32
Q

Posterior temporal regions are comprised of which sulci?

A

middle and superior temporal sulci

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33
Q

Which part of temporal lobe is Wernicke’s area (brodmann area 22) located?

A

Superior temporal gyrus

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34
Q

Posterior temporal regions are responsible for:

A
  • language comprehension in the language dominant hemisphere

- prosodic comprehension in the homologous non-dominant hemisphere

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35
Q

Parietal Lobe can be divided into which 3 regions?

A

1) Superior parietal lobule
2) Temporoparietal junction
3) Inferior Parietal lobule

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36
Q

Superior parietal lobule is responsible for:

A

sensory-motor integration
body schema
spatial processing

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37
Q

Temporoparietal junction is responsible for

A 
phonological and sound-based processing
language comprehension (left)
music comprehension (right)
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38
Q

Inferior parietal lobule is responsible for

A

complex spatial attention
integration of tactile sensation
self awareness

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39
Q

Occipital lobe contains which 2 cortex?

A
  • Primary visual cortex

- Visual association cortex

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40
Q

Damage to the primary visual cortex results in

A
  • cortical blindness
  • Anton’s syndrome (denial of cortical blindness)
  • blindsight (detection of unconsciously perceived stimuli in the blind field)
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41
Q

Partial damage to the primary visual cortex results in

A
  • visual field defects
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42
Q

Occipital lobe is the origin of which 2 main visual-cortical pathways?

A
  • Ventral visual pathway

- Dorsal visual pathway

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43
Q

What does the ventral visual pathway do?

A
  • connects occipital and temporal lobe
  • object and face recognition
  • item based memory
  • complex visual discrimination
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44
Q

What does the dorsal visual pathway do?

A
  • connects the occipital and parietal lobes

- important for spatial vision and visuomotor integration

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45
Q

How many Brodmann areas are there?

A

52

46
Q

Disconnection syndrome occurs when

A

fiber damage causes functional processors to lose their ability to communicate or coordinate in performing a complex task of behavior

47
Q

What are the name of the cells of our eyes that send their axons into the optic nerve?

A

Retinal ganglion cells

48
Q

What do retinal ganglion cells do?

A

They send their axons into the optic nerve

49
Q

Where does the optic nerve project to?

A

Optic nerve projects posteriorly and comes together at the optic chiasm

50
Q

Where do optic tracts originate?

A

Optic chiasm

51
Q

Discuss what happens at the visual pathway, how information travels from the eye to the visual cortex

A

1) retinal ganglion cells in each eye send their axons into the optic nerve
2) optic nerves projects posteriorly, comes together at optic chiasm
3) optic tracts originate at optic chiasm, then terminate at Lateral Geniculate Nucleus (LGN)
4) then projects to brodmann area 17/primary visual cortex
5) small proportion of fibers bypass LGN, terminate in pretectal area and superior colliculus, then project to parietal and frontal association cortex

52
Q

Where does visual information crossover?

A

Optic Chiasm

53
Q

Tectopulvinar system

A

prectectal and collicular fibers project to parietal and frontal association cortex via relays in pulvinar nucleus of thalamus

54
Q

What is the tectopulvinar system responsible for?

A

pupillary light reflex
attention-directed eye movements
general orientation to visual stimuli

55
Q

Extrageniculate or Extrastriate visual pathways refer to

A

the small proportion of visual fibers that bypass lateral geniculate nucleus and terminate in the pretectal area and superior colliculus

56
Q

Dorsal pathway in human vision projects to…

A

parietal occipital association cortex

57
Q

What does the dorsal/parieto-occipital association cortex do?

A

processes spatial information

visuomotor integration in the environment

58
Q

What does the ventral/occipito-temporal association cortex do?

A

processes structural and feature based information for analysis and recognition of visual form (e.g. faces and objects)

59
Q

Dorsal lesions may cause

A

impairments in spatial perception, attention, visuomotor processing

60
Q

Ventral lesions may cause

A

perceptual disturbances

disorders of recognition of familiar objects or faces (AGNOSIA)

61
Q

Apperceptive Agnosia

A
  • results from extensive damage to visual association areas

- impairments in processing basic visual elements of objects (e.g. shape, contour, depth)

62
Q

Associative Agnosia

A
  • difficulty understanding the meaning of what is seen
  • patients can draw or copy but do not know what they drew
  • perception of form is okay, but cannot recognize or identify
63
Q

Memory disorders can result from damage to which 3 areas?

A

1) medial/mesial temporal lobe
2) medial diencephalon
3) basal forebrain

64
Q

Definition of agnosia

A

an inability to recognize and identify objects or persons while perception or senses may be intact

65
Q

What does the limbic system include?

A 
hippocampal formation
amygdala 
septal nuclei
cingulate cortex 
entorhinal cortex
perirhinal cortex 
parahippocampal cortex
66
Q

Which 3 cortical areas form the temporal lobe?

A

entorhinal cortex
perirhinal cortex
parahippocampal cortex

67
Q

What does the hippocampal formation include?

A
  • dentate gyrus
  • the hippocampus proper (i.e., cornu ammonis)
  • subicular cortex
  • entorhinal cortex
68
Q

Hippocampus is also called

A

cornu ammonis or Ammon’s Horn

69
Q

Where is hippocampus located?

A

Temporal lobe

70
Q

Amygdala’s functions are

A

an integrative center for emotions, emotional behavior, and motivation

71
Q

Where is amygdala located?

A

adjacent to the hippocampus

72
Q

Hippocampus can be divided into 4 histological regions

A

CA1, CA2, CA3, CA4

73
Q

Function of dendate gyrus

A

Episodic memories

Exploration of new environments

74
Q

Subicular complex

A
  • the most inferior structure of the hippocampal formation

- responsible for working memory

75
Q

Circuit of papez

A
  • begins and ends at the hippocampus
  • information received from perirhinal and parahippocampal cortex -> hippocampus -> (via fornix) mammillary bodies -> (via mammillothalamic tract) anterior thalamus -> cingulate gyrus -> hippocampus
76
Q

Which 2 cortices receive a majority of the cortical input to the temporal lobe memory circuit?

A
  • perirhinal cortex

- parahippocampal cortex

77
Q

What information does perirhinal cortex receive?

A

More anterior temporal non-spatial information

78
Q

What information does parahippocampal cortex receive?

A

More posterior medial spatial information

79
Q

Describe the lateral circuit

A

perirhinal and parahippocampal cortex -> amygdala -> dorsomedial nucleus of the thalamus -> orbitofrontal cortex -> uncinate fasciculus ->amygdala

80
Q

What does the case of H.M illustrate?

A

removal of uncus and amygdala caused no memory loss, but more posterior resections involving the hippocampus and parahippocampal gyrus produced amnesia more severe

81
Q

two-system theory of amnesia explains that

A

amnesia occurs when both the lateral AND medial limbic circuit (papez) are damaged

82
Q

lesions that interrupt both the fornix (papez circuit) AND ventral amygdalofugal pathways (lateral circuit) will result in

A

severe amnesia

83
Q

Each memory system can carry on the function of the other because…

A

lesions affecting only one system result in memory loss that is far less severe than if both systems are damaged

84
Q

Damages to Perirhinal and parrahippocampal cortex can cause more severe memory impairment than…

A

when there are impairments of the lateral and medial limbic circuits

85
Q

Damage to cortical or subcortical of temporal lobe results in

A

amnesia

86
Q

Amnesia most likely results from damage to which circuits?

A

BOTH hippocampal-based medial limbic (papez) and amygdala-based lateral limbic circuits

87
Q

Hippocampus is critical what kind of memory?

A

Episodic memory

88
Q

Amygdala is responsible for what kind of memory?

A

Emotional memory

Emotional aspects of cognition

89
Q

Function of thalamus

A

Sensory relay nucleus
alertness
behavioral activation
memory

90
Q

Thalamic lesions can result in

A
  • impaired connections to hippocampus

- disconnection with frontal lobes

91
Q

Wernicke-Korsakoff is associated with

A

amnesia related to dorsomedial thalamic lesions

92
Q

Damage to cholinergic neurons in Basal Forebrain

A

causes memory loss

93
Q

Alzheimer’s Disease is associated with

A

substantial loss of neurons containing acetylcholine in the basal forebrain (BF), affecting recognition memory

94
Q

Which parts of the brain is amnesia associated with?

A

medial temporal
thalamic
basal forebrain
parahippocampal gyrus damage

95
Q

In the brain, gray matter is found…

A

in the outer most layer of the brain

96
Q

In the spinal cord, gray matter is found

A

inside

97
Q

In the spinal cord, white matter is found

A

in the outer layer

98
Q

Which parts does the brainstem include?

A

midbrain, pons, medulla

99
Q

Functions of afferent neurons

A

carry information from sensory receptors of the skin and other organs to the central nervous system (i.e., brain and spinal cord)

100
Q

Functions of efferent neurons

A

carry motor information away from the central nervous system to the muscles and glands of the body

101
Q

Name 2 sulci found in the temporal lobe

A

Superior temporal sulcus

Inferior temporal sulcus

102
Q

Name the 3 gyri found in the temporal lobe

A

Superior temporal gyrus
Middle temporal gyrus
Inferior temporal gyrus

103
Q

Functions of parietal lobe

A

processing sensations of touch, pain, pressure

104
Q

Primary Somatosensory cortex (brodmann area 3) is housed in which area of the parietal lobe?

A

Postcentral gyrus of the parietal lobe

105
Q

Name the notable lobules, gyrus and sulcus in the parietal lobe

A 
superior parietal lobule
inferior parietal lobule
angular gyrus
supramarginal gyrus
post central gyrus
106
Q

Hemispatial neglect is caused by damage to which part of the brain?

A

Right parietal lobe

107
Q

Trisynaptic circuit

A
  • pattern of synaptic transmission within hippocampus

- entorhinal cortex -> dentate gyrus -> CA3 -> CA1

108
Q

DLPFC functions include

A

top down executive attention

109
Q

Lesions in dorsal medial prefrontal cortex can result in

A

apathy and akinetic mutism

110
Q

Dorsomedial nucleus is a part of …

A

thalamus

111
Q

Parts of basal forebrain

A

septal area
substantia innominata
red nucleus of the stria terminalis

Elsa AACN (35 decks)

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