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Elsa AACN > Ch 3 > Flashcards

Ch 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What theory does aphasia represent?

A

Modular organization and cerebral localization theory

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2
Q

Domain specificity theory is also known as

A

Cerebral Localization Theory

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3
Q

Domain-specificity theory states that

A
  • the brain has a modular organization
  • each module is a specialized processor devoted to one task or function
  • each specialized processor is reliably associated with specific zones in the brain
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4
Q

Domain General theory is also associated with terms like

A

organismic

organic brain syndrome

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5
Q

Domain General theory states that

A
  • the brain has only one of a few fundamental properties
  • any mental act of function requires the entire brain working in concert
  • long term memory is distributed around the brain
  • symptoms are in part the expression of the undamaged part of the brain
  • only motor and sensory functions are localized, not higher cognitive functions
  • brain tissue has equipotentiality
  • organic syndrome is explained by lesion size, lesion intensity or combination of cognitive deficit with specific motor sensory impairment
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6
Q

Meaning of equipotentiality

A
  • any brain area can do what any other brain area can do for perception; only sensory and motor function are specialized
  • intact brain region can carry out functions of damaged brain regions
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7
Q

Phrenology is an example of which theory

A

Localization

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8
Q

Broca’s theory is an example of which theory

A

Cerebral dominance/Localization

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9
Q

Wernicke proposed that auditory comprehension (receptive language) but NOT fluency (expressive language) was impaired by…

A

Left hemisphere posterior lesions

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10
Q

Gestalt theory is an example of which theory

A

Generalist theory - whole brain working in concert, plays a central role in human experience

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11
Q

John Hughlings Jackson argued that mental functions are

A

Hierarchical NOT localized

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12
Q

Which other theorists purported that brain functions are generalized and NOT localized?

A
  • Lev Vygotsky - brain damage causes regression to earlier developmental stages
  • Karl Lashley - group effect for lesion size, not localization in rat brain lesion studies
  • Kurt Goldstein - loss of abstract attitude was the fundamental defect in brain damage
  • Watson and Skinner - brain had only a general capacity to learn
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13
Q

Modern evidence supporting domain specificity

A
  • HM - bilateral hippocampal damage
  • Sperry and Gazzaniga - split brain studies
  • Norman Geschwind - disconnection syndromes
  • Milner - excisions of prefrontal tissue causes impairment in EF such as shifting, but no IQ decline
  • Right ear advantage for verbal stimuli - right auditory nerve has strongest connection with L brain and vice versa
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14
Q

Cerebral laterality

A

hybrid of domain specificity and domain generality

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15
Q

Split brain studies show that RIGHT hemisphere is better than the LEFT at

A
  • translating 3D object into unfolded equivalent
  • discriminating nonsense shapes from each other
  • remembering designs (object recognition) and location (spatial recognition)
  • making similarity judgment among designs
  • recognizing and processing faces
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16
Q

R hemisphere

A

regulate arousal and attention

17
Q

Focal R parietal lesion

A

-causes L hemispatial inattention (neglect) but L brain lesions typically do not cause contralateral neglect

18
Q

R hemisphere

A
  • places emphasis on negative valence on stimuli
  • R-sided lesions -> euphoria
  • L-sided lesions -> dysphoria
  • R brain lesions -> speech prosody affected
19
Q

What is the Two-streams hypothesis

A

Dorsal and Ventral system

20
Q

Dorsal (top) brain refers to which structures

A
  • Structures above the horizontal plane formed by the Sylvian fissure
  • Includes the parietal lobes and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC)
21
Q

What are the functions of the dorsal system

A
  • processing and storage of spatial features of information (e.g. where something is located or event sequence)
  • spatial relations
  • dorsal frontal lobe - determines how action is carried out
  • known as the WHERE system
22
Q

the “Where” system

A

Dorsal brain

23
Q

Ventral (bottom) brain refers to which structures

A

below the Sylvian plane, e.g. inferotemporal cortex

24
Q

What are the functions of the ventral system

A
  • ventral posterior cortex - extracts object information (e.g. shape, color, identity)
  • movement detection
  • ventral frontal lobe - makes decision about causal relations between objects and actions, does NOT carry
    out actions
  • WHAT system - NATURE of the object
25
Q

the “What” system

A

Ventral system

26
Q

Balint syndrome

A
  • difficulty reaching for objects directly but can recognize them
  • bilareral superior occipital-parietal lesions
27
Q

Automaticity

A
  • behavioral routines that are carried out quickly, effortlessly, accurately
  • overlearned
28
Q

Effortful processing

A
  • mental operations carried out with effort, planning, careful attention
  • more sensitive to brain injury or dysfunction than automatic response systems
29
Q

Brain Reserve hypothesis and Cognitive Reserve Hypothesis

A

increased reserve can be protective against the onset of dementia or long term impact of acquired brain injury

30
Q

Brain Reserve Hypothesis

A
  • brain’s ability to absorb insult and potentially recover
  • passive threshold model
  • hinges primarily on brain’s physical health prior to insult or disease onset
  • a critical threshold of brain cell loss must be crossed before a deficit achieves clinical expression in symptoms or test score abnormalities
  • those with more brain matter to spare (more brain cells, or denser synaptic networks) are less likely to show observed deficits
31
Q

Cognitive Reserve Hypothesis

A
  • education and enriched experience can increase cerebral reserve and are relatively protective against the expression of symptoms following brain disease or injury
  • higher cognitive reserve may modify the functional and clinical expression of dementia or impairments 2/2 TBI
  • efficiency model –> refers to the mind’s resistance to brain damage due to presence of more efficient synaptic networks or preexisting cognitive abilities
  • Notre Dame Nun study
32
Q

Brain Reserve Hypothesis would predict

A

people with remote TBI should experience earlier or more frequent age-related declines in function than those without hx of TBI

33
Q

Central Executive

A
  • system responsible for the control and regulation of cognitive process, helps to regulate attention, working memory and memory
  • related to prefrontal regions

Elsa AACN (35 decks)

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