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Elsa AACN > Ch 14 ASD > Flashcards

Ch 14 ASD Flashcards

1
Q

ASD is characterized by 2 things

A

deficits in social communication and socialization

repetitive restrictive behaviors (RRB)

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2
Q

ASD has high concordance rate in

A

monozygotic twins

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3
Q

ASD has low concordance rate in

A

dizygotic twins

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4
Q

ASD brain size (weight volume circumference)

A

larger than average in younger subjects

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5
Q

Describe ASD distinctive developmental course in brain size

A

normal or slightly small at birth
growth spurt from 6-24 mos larger than average brain (macrocephaly), enlarged brain volume
slowed growth that returns to normal brain size by later childhood

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6
Q

Describe ASD corpus callosum

A

corpus callosum is undersized and not enlarged proportionally to enlargement of brain

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7
Q

Perfusion in ASD brain

A

lower generally, but distribution varies

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8
Q

Metabolic and DTI studies show ASD brain are

A

reduced in fiber integrity and density of metabolites

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9
Q

Monoamine Neurotransmitter affect

A

mood, arousal, attention

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10
Q

earliest biological finding in autism regarding NT difference?

A

hyperserotonemia (increase in serotonin levels in blood platelets)

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11
Q

other neurotransmitter differences in ASD

A

glutamate and GABA show decreased activation and abnormalities in receptors

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12
Q

NP deficits in ASD - weak central coherence

A

difficulties in integrating info from the environment into a meaningful whole

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13
Q

NP deficits in ASD - social

A

social motivation - decreased motivation to orient to social stimuli
poor theory of mind

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14
Q

risk factors

A 
heritability
influenced by environment
being younger sib of an affected child
prematurity
old maternal age
obstetric complications
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15
Q

gender ratio of ASD

A

male to female is 4:1

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16
Q

girls with ASD generally have higher or lower IQ than boys?

A

lower verbal and lower non verbal IQ

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17
Q

life expectancy of ASD

A

lower , with death causes including seizure, accident

more likely to happen among those with severe ID/ASD

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18
Q

comorbidity

A 
IQ 40-70%
anxiety 22-84%
depression 4-58%
tic disorders 6%
seizure disorder 11-39 %
ADHD 55%
19
Q

Measures of ASD

A

ADI-R (parent interview ages 2+)
ADOS
M-CHAT
CARS (15 items)

20
Q

ASD can be reliably diagnosed as early as

A

18-24 months

21
Q

Regressive onset

A

takes place at around 15-24 months

22
Q

Echolalia begins around what age

A

3,4,5

23
Q

what’s the percentage of ASD lose sx of autism and function w/in normal range of social relationship?

A

5-20%

24
Q

percent of adults with ASD who have poor outcom

A

50% require high level of residential assistance

have few friends, no employment

25
Q

Rett’s disorder

A

MeCP2 gene, X-linked gene
4 stages of progression
1) typical development until age 6 to 18 mos, then significant decline of motor and social skills, head growth decreases
2) sx of ASD, motor stereotypies, loss of cog and language skills, decreased motor skills
3) ASD sx diminish, cognitive gains made, motor skills continue to decline, seizure onset common, poor ADL
4) motor continues to decline, wheelchair dependent

loss of purposeful hand movements, repetitive hand mannerism (hand wringing, hand washing)
progressive cerebral atrophy

26
Q

IQ in ASD

A

varies, usually non verbal > verbal

27
Q

Attention in ASD

A

impaired in shifting attention
sustained attention is spared
heightened attention to personally salient stimuli

28
Q

Processing Speed in ASD

A

impaired in verbal task
intact in non verbal task
usually slowed in general when there are distractions

29
Q

Language in ASD

A

20-30% asd population remains non verbal
verbal ASD people may show relatively strengths in phonology, articulation, basic grammar, single word receptive and expressive vocab

higher semantic requirement, prosody, comprehension, pragmatics are usually harder

30
Q

Visuospatial abilities in ASD

A

some have good VS skills - identify, match, copy visual stimuli
tend to focus on details and not integrate well
deficits in facial processing and recognition
focus less on eyes

31
Q

Memory in ASD

A

non declarative (eg procedures, perceptions) are ok
declarative memory usually more impaired (e.g. events, facts)
memory for social info impaired
may be less efficient in learning contextual materials

32
Q

Executive Functioning in ASD

A

usually impaired

33
Q

Sensorimotor functioning in ASD

A

impaired
over or under sensitivity
visual self stimulation

34
Q

when assessing sensorimotor function in ASD, it is important not to require

A

imitation skills

35
Q

social skills in ASD

A

impaired in

reciprocity, eye contact, referencing, integration of cues, imitation, theory of mind

36
Q

Academic skills in ASD

A

rote memorization strong
abstract thinking and inferences are weak
high fx ones are ok with decoding, spelling, math
most difficulties in comprehension, math word problems, writing

37
Q

PVT SVT in ASD

A

pragmatic language deficits may make it hard for ASD people to understand tast
disengagement
hyperarousal to stimuli
lack motivation

38
Q

Adaptive skills

A

variable

39
Q

Best age for Early intervention?

A

greatest likelihood of success if started before 5 y/o

optimal age of services around 2-3

40
Q

ABA duration

A

15-25 hours per week

41
Q

Medications for ADHD

A

methylphenidate

amtomoxetine, clonodine, guanfacine

42
Q

picture exchange communication system

A

helps kids with difficulties with spoken language

use small pictures to represent objects, actions, words for communication

43
Q

Which syndrome has a high comorbidity with ASD as high as 50-90%?

A

Fragile X

Elsa AACN (35 decks)

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