Ch 16 ADHD Flashcards
ADHD prevalence in childhood ages 4-17
10%
worldwide estimates of ADHD
5%
Male to female ratio
2:1
12% to 6%
incidence rates of ADHD increase or decrease with age?
increase with age
incidence rates of 10-17 year olds have 2x as many as
5-9 year olds
no difference between Blacks and Whites, T or F?
T
Latinos lower rate than other groups. T or F?
T
prevalence of subtypes vary
in ages 8-15 - ADHD- I is 2x as many as ADHD-C or ADHD-H
ADHD is associated with SES such as what factors?
poverty
income
single parent household
insurance
ADHD-H is less heritable than other subtypes, T or F
T
most prominent type of ADHD?
inattentive type
which two presentations share the same etiological influences and respond to the same pharmacological intervention?
ADHD I and ADHD C
Sluggish cognitive tempo (SCT) associated with which ADHD subtype?
inattentive
what is SCT
lethargic, mental confusion, daydreaming, difficulty sustaining attention, motivation, mental fogginess
SCT shares some symptoms with ADHD I except which traits?
underactivity, lethargy, slowness
SCT people also exhibit which type of mood disorders
depression and anxiety
SCT responds well or not as well to traditional stimulants?
not as well
neuropathology of ADHD
abnormalities in frontal region
underactivation in frontocortical and frontosubcortical networks, DLPFC, dorsal ACC
reduced brain volume
delayed cortical maturation in frontal and temporal regions
abnormalities in corpus callosum, prefrontal, tempora, parietal cortex,
Most consistent findings— abnormality in basal ganglia (caudate nucleus)!!!!
ADHD is familial and heritable at what %?
30-35%
6-8 times the risk in those who have a first degree relative who has ADHD than the general population
twin studies show heritability of what %
70-80%, genetic influences account for 75% of variances in adults and children
candidate gene approaches have identified genes that affect which pathway?
dopamine pathway
genome wide linkage and association analyses identify linkage regions on which chromosomes?
5 6 10 12 16
other risk factors
prematurity birth complications maternal smoking lead exposure TBI
gender differences in phenotype severity
females have a milder presentation
what is a frequent marker for severe manifestation of ADHD
comorbidity such as dyslexia, ODD
which factor accounted for the overlap between deficits in reading and attention?
processing speed
which factor accounted for the overlap between deficits in math and attention?
processing speed
which factor accounted for the overlap between reading and math?
verbal comprehension
Base rate for symptom exaggeration of ADHD in college settings
15% - 50%
combination of behavioral modification and medication produce the strongest symptom reduction from ages 7-9
True
What is the first line of treatment for pre school age children
behavioral therapy
medications for ADHD
methylphenidate
amphetamine
% of people benefiting from stimulants
70-90%
common side effects of adhd meds
insomnia
anorexia
slow growth rate
second line of ADHD meds
atomoxetine
guanfacine
clonidine
what is atomoxetine
noradrenergic reuptake inhibitor
good for comorbid anxiety and adhd
smaller effect size than stimulants
reduce tics
EEG biofeedback
treating inattentive sx
increase ratio of high frequency beta waves to low frequency theta waves
