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Elsa AACN > Ch 6 Neurologic Exam Part II > Flashcards

Ch 6 Neurologic Exam Part II Flashcards

1
Q

Define akinesia

A

lack of movement

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2
Q

Define athetosis

A

slow, continuous, involuntary writhing movement that prevents maintenance of a stable posture

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3
Q

Define chorea

A

irregularly timed excessive jerky movements

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4
Q

Define ballismus

A

extreme choreiform movement

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5
Q

What are tone abnormalities

A

resistance to passive stretching of a joint.

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6
Q

What are upper motor neurons? (UMN)

A

They include projections from the cortex to spinal cord (corticospinal tract) including the part that crosses in the medulla (pyramidal tract)

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7
Q

What are lower motor neurons? (LMN)

A

They include projections from the brainstem and spinal cord, via motor nerves to innervate skeletal muscle

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8
Q

Hyperreflexia and increased tone are indicative of what type of lesions

A

Upper motor neuron lesions (UMN)

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9
Q

atrophy, fasiculations, hyporeflexia can be indicative of what type of lesions?

A

Lower motor neuron lesions (LMN)

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10
Q

Pronator drift reflects problems in which area?

A

Upper motor neurons

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11
Q

Stereognosis

A

the ability to perceive and recognize the form of an object in the absence of visual and auditory information

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12
Q

graphesthesia

A

the ability to recognize writing on the skin purely by the sensation of touch

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13
Q

Gait abnormalities can be described in which 5 ways?

A 
spastic
scissored
steppage
parkinsonian
ataxic
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14
Q

Spastic gait

A

spastic hemiparesis

when affected leg swings in arc motion

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15
Q

Scissored gait

A

corticospinal dysfunction

gait appears stiff and thigh crosses over in front of the other thigh

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16
Q

steppage gait

A

when a foot or both feet are weak, resulting in foot drop

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17
Q

parkinsonian gait

A

short shuffling steps
person has difficulty starting or stopping
stooped over, arm swing reduced

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18
Q

ataxic gait

A

unsteady, wide based gait
hard to turn
cerebellar dysfunction

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19
Q

What is dysmetria? Where is the dysfunction located in the brain?

A

touching nose and examiner’s finger

ipsilateral cerebellar hemispheric dysfunction

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20
Q

What is dysdiadocholinesia?

Where is the dysfunction located in the brain?

A

switching hand movements facing up to palm facing down

ipsilateral cerebellar hemispheric dysfunction

21
Q

heel shin test assesses what

A

cerebellar functions in lower extremity

22
Q

Romberg test

A

stand with feet together, eyes closed

23
Q

romberg sign

A

unsteadiness within several seconds of closing eyes
suggests poor proprioception
dysfunction in posterior column of spinal cord
Vitamin b12 deficiency

24
Q

What do deep tendon reflexes evaluate?

A

evaluate afferent and efferent functioning

25
Q

How is DTR assessed

A

single brisk tap from reflex hammer on skin of tendon

26
Q

DTR increased reflexes (hyperactive)

A

corticospinal dysfunction

27
Q

DTR decreased reflexes (hypoactive)

A

peripheral nerves or nerve roots dysfunction

28
Q

dysfunction of corticospinal tracts can lead to what? seen in what condition

A 
ipsilateral paralysis (inability to move) 
paresis (decreased motor strength)
hypertonia (increased tone) 
long tract signs
seen in normal pressure hydrocephalus
29
Q

long tract signs mean?

A

symptoms that are attributable to the involvement of the long fiber tracts in the spinal cord.
signs related to UMN lesions

30
Q

example of long tract signs

A

e.g. spasticity, hyperreflexia, and abnormal reflexes such as Babinski or Hoffman’s sign

31
Q

Babinski sign can indicate what condition

A

corticospinal system dysfunction

UMN dysfunction

32
Q

Define blown pupil

A

pupil that is dilated and unresponsive to changes in light

33
Q

What is Babinski sign

A

fanning of toes and upward flexion of big toe (extensor plantar response)

34
Q

Define bilateral temporal hemianopsia

A

loss of visual temporal fields due to a abnormality in optic chiasm

35
Q

Clonus

A

repetitive, involuntary vibratory movement

36
Q

Diplopia

A

experience of double vision

37
Q

hemianopsia

A

loss of visual hemifield

38
Q

homonymous

A

on the same side

39
Q

Lower motor neuron

A

Motor neuron that originate in the anterior horn of spinal cord / brainstem and project to skeletal muscles

40
Q

Nystagmus

A

rapid involuntary eye movement

can be lateral, vertical, rotational or mixed

41
Q

Proprioception

A

perception of one’s body position in space (based on sensory input from muscles and tendons)

42
Q

Quandrantopsia

A

loss of one quadrant of visual field

43
Q

Spasticity

A

increased muscle tone or increased resistance to stretching

44
Q

Upper motor neuron

A

neurons that originate from the cerebral primary motor cortex (precentral gyrus) or from certain brainstem nuclei

45
Q

Vestibular

A

sense of balance

46
Q

Pyramidal Tract

A
  • divides into corticospinal and corticobulbar tract
  • part of the UMN system
  • system of efferent nerve fibers
  • originate in the cerebral cortex and carry signals from the cerebral cortex to brainstem or spinal cord
  • responsible for voluntary control of body and face muscle
47
Q

Corticobulbar tract

A

motor cortex to cranial nerve

controls voluntary movement of the muscles of the face, head and neck

48
Q

Extrapyramidal tract

A
  • originate in the brain stem
  • carrying motor fibers to the spinal cord
  • responsible for the involuntary and automatic control of muscle tone, balance, posture and locomotion
49
Q

Corticospinal tract

A

motor cortex to LMN in spinal cord

controls voluntary movement of the muscles of the limbs and trunk

Elsa AACN (35 decks)

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