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Elsa AACN > Ch 4 Neurostransmitters > Flashcards

Ch 4 Neurostransmitters Flashcards

1
Q

Functions of acetycholine

A

excitatory

  • memory
  • attention
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2
Q

Two classes of acetylcholine-containing receptors

A
  • Muscarinic

- Nicotinic

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3
Q

Muscarinic receptors

A

mediate main cognitive effects attributed to cholinergic pathways
effects on attention, learning, short term memory

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4
Q

Nicotinic receptors

A

trigger rapid neural and neuromuscular transmission within the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system

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5
Q

Origin of acetylcholine

A 
Basal forebrain
Nucleus basalis of meynert
Medial septum
Nucleus of diagonal band
pontomesencephalic region
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6
Q

Functions of norepinephrine (NE)

A 
- excitatory
attention shifting
arousal
modulate sleep wake cycle
mood and pain
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7
Q

Where do norepinephrine (adrenergic neurons) form?

A

brainstem
released by adrenal glands
lateral tegmental area of pons and medulla

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8
Q

Another name for norepinephrine

A

stress hormone

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9
Q

What mood disorders are norephinephrine associated with?

A

depression
bipolar
anxiety, OCD

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10
Q

Drugs that increase NE and dopamine

A

ADHD meds (methylphenidate - Ritalin, Concerta), (amphetamine/dextroamphetamine - Adderall)

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11
Q

Drugs that targets NE alone

A

atomoxetine (Strattera - NE reuptake inhibitor)

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12
Q

Where is serotonin produced?

A

produced in neurons originating in the raphe nuclei located in the midline of the brainstem.

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13
Q

What mood disorders is serotonin associated with?

A

anxiety, depression, OCD, aggressive behavior, eating disorders

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14
Q

Drugs that are serotonin reuptake inhibitor

A
  • post synaptic inhibition

Fluoxetine (Prozac), Sertraline (Zoloft)

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15
Q

Drugs that affect reuptake inhibition in the serotonergic and noradrenergic system

A

Venlafaxine (Effexor)

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16
Q

Where can dopamine be found

A

Substantia nigra

ventral tegmental area (VTA) - next to substantial nigra, (in the midbrain)

17
Q

3 different systems of dopamine projection

A

mesostriatal system - parkinson’s disease
mesolimbic system - reward functions, addictive behavior (through nucleus acumbens), positive symptoms of schizophrenia if too overactive
mesocortical system - executive functions, motivation, working memory, initiation of motor activity

18
Q

Is GABA inhibitory or excitatory

A

inhibitory

19
Q

Functions of GABA

A

memory
anxiety/arousal
neuromodulation

20
Q

Location of GABA

A

reticular nucleus of the thalamus
- regulate sleep and arousal

Basal Forebrain

  • regulate attention shifting
  • alternate between response-reinforcement
21
Q

Is Glutamate excitatory or inhibitory

A

excitatory - the most abundant excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain

22
Q

Function of gluamate

A

learning and memory

23
Q

What happens when there is excess glutaminergic activity

A

excitotoxicity and cell death

ischemic cascade implicated in stroke and neurodegenerative diseases (AD, ALS)

24
Q

An example of a drug that targets glutamate functions

A

Memantine (Namenda) - NMDA receptor antagonist, is used to treating AD

25
Q

Name of Glutamate receptor

A

NMDA receptor

26
Q

Which part of the brain is involved in akinetic mutism

A

Bilateral medial frontal lobe

27
Q

Where is Basal Forebrain located?

A

a group of structures in the vicinity of ventromedial frontal lobe
anterior to caudate and putamen

28
Q

Function of Basal Forebrain

A

major source of cholinergic input throughout the brain

29
Q

What happens if Basal Forebrain is damaged

A

profound memory loss with confabulation

30
Q

Example of disconnection theory

A

Alexia without agraphia
optic aphasia
impaired naming of objects in L hemisphere due to callosal disconnection of right-left hemisphere

31
Q

Excitotoxicity

A
  • pathological process by which nerve cells are damaged by excessive stimulation by NT (e.g. glutamate)
  • key factor in CNS response to SCI, TBI, neurodegenerative diseases

Elsa AACN (35 decks)

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