Ch 34 Mood Disorder

Question 1

Neuro anatomical changes associated with mood disorders

Answer 1

Limbic system, neurochemical changes

Question 2

What do imaging show for patients and depression in the brain

Answer 2

Increased activity in ventral limbic areas

cingulate gyrus
amygdala
ventral striatum

Functional abnormalities in limbic

Question 3

What part of the brain show atrophy in patients with depression

Answer 3

Atrophy in

Amygdala
Prefrontal cortex
Hippocampus
Striatum
Nucleus accumbens
Cerebellum

Question 4

The number of days of the person untreated for depression has an impact on what

Answer 4

Reduction of hippocampal size

Question 5

Other neural anatomical features in patients with depression

Answer 5

Cortical thinning and surface area reductions in frontal lobe
Somatosensory
Motor areas

Cortical thinning in temporal lobes in adults as well

Question 6

Mania and bipolar disorder neural biological correlations

Answer 6

Reductions in brain volume, blood flow in dorsal medial and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in all bipolar

Ventral prefrontal cortex and reduce engagement and atypical connectivity with ACC and medial temporal structures
including amygdala and hippocampus l gyrus

Onset of mania and bipolar course-
Disruption of white matter connectivity among ventral prefrontal networks in limbic regions, especially amygdala

Question 7

Neurochemical neuro transmitter and mood disorders

Answer 7

Imbalance in monoamine neurotransmitters especially
serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine
S N D

Glutamate for depression and mood stability

Antidepressant acts on Acetylcholine and GABA

Question 8

Serotonin and depression

Answer 8

Serotonin neurons arise from the brainstem and project throughout the forebrain

Regulates sleep, aggression, eating, sexual behavior, impulse control, mood

Decrease in production of serotonin causes depression

Question 9

Norepinephrine and depressive disorder

Answer 9

Norepinephrine is for a responding to stressful situations

People who are vulnerable to depression may have deficiency in norepinephrine in certain areas of the brain

People with many depressive episodes have few Norepinephrine neuron

Low levels of serotonin trigger a drop in norepinephrine

Question 10

Dopamine and depression

Answer 10

Regulating drives to seek rewards, obtain pleasure
Low dopamine levels explain why people with depression don’t have pleasure
Functional deficiency of synaptic dopamine can lead to depression

Question 11

Glutamate and depression

Answer 11

Glutamate is the major excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain

Question 12

Risk factors in older adults and rates of depression

Answer 12

Older adults me have medical conditions such as a
low testosterone 
vitamin B 12 deficiency
Thyroid abnormalities
Cardiac condition
Dementia
Cerebrovascular disease

Question 13

Children who developed depression often continue to have episodes throughout adulthood

Question 14

Rapid cycling bipolar disorder is diagnosed when a person has how many episodes of depression, media, hypomania or mixed symptoms within one year?

Answer 14

Four or more episodes

Question 15

What parts of the brain are associated with anxiety disorders?

Answer 15

CPA

Cingulate gyrus
Prefrontal cortex
Anterior temporal cortex

Anxiety does not depend on specific areas to perform unique actions but it is viewed as networks of interacting brain regions

Question 16

Other structures and anxiety

Answer 16

Amygdala is related to hyperactivity in anxiety

Hypothalamus, pituitary, adrenal gland respond to heightened sympathetic responses when stressed

Cingulate and orbital frontal cortex responsible for feelings and anxiety

Frontal cortex responsible for control of reactions and anxiety

Question 17

What does the insular cortex have to do with anxiety

Answer 17

Insular cortex she was hyperactivity in anxiety such as PTSD, social anxiety, and phobias

Insula together with amygdala, hypothalamus,. PeriAqueductal gray, parabrachial nucleus, nucleus tractus solitarius, as part of the circuit of papez, internally regulate emotions that control the visual motor, neuroendocrine, pulmonary system, and pain sensations.

Question 18

OCD and which part of the brain is heavily associated

Answer 18

Basil ganglia especially in the head of the caudate.

Anterior cingulate gurus
Orbital frontal

Question 19

OCD is present in how much percent of Tourette’s syndrome

Answer 19

50%

Question 20

Trichotillomania has been associated with increased what in which part of the brain

Answer 20

Increased gray matter density in the left stratum, left amygdala hippocampal formation

Question 21

OCD tendencies are also associated with what other conditions beside Tourette’s?

Answer 21

Huntington’s disease
Sydenham’s chorea
Basal ganglia related disorders

Question 22

Neurotransmitters and anxiety

Answer 22

GABA
Serotonin
Norepinephrine
Corticotropin releasing hormone

Question 23

GABA and anxiety

Answer 23

GABA is a major inhibitory neurotransmitter

To induce relaxation and sleep
To prevent over excitation

Depletion of GABA results in ability to regulate emotions and sympathetic nervous system, therefore creating anxiety

Question 24

Serotonin and anxiety

Answer 24

Serotonin functions include sleep, sex, eat, mood, impulse control, regulation of libido, energy.

Question 25

Norepinephrine and anxiety

Answer 25

Excitatory neurotransmitter
Stress hormone
Fight or flight

Stress leads to:
Increase in norepinephrine in hypothalamus, amygdala, locus coerulus

Question 26

Corticotropin releasing hormone and anxiety

Answer 26

CRH is a stress hormone and a neurotransmitter

Too much CRH leads to fight or flight response