Ch 34 Mood Disorder Flashcards
Neuro anatomical changes associated with mood disorders
Limbic system, neurochemical changes
What do imaging show for patients and depression in the brain
Increased activity in ventral limbic areas
cingulate gyrus
amygdala
ventral striatum
Functional abnormalities in limbic
What part of the brain show atrophy in patients with depression
Atrophy in
Amygdala Prefrontal cortex Hippocampus Striatum Nucleus accumbens Cerebellum
The number of days of the person untreated for depression has an impact on what
Reduction of hippocampal size
Other neural anatomical features in patients with depression
Cortical thinning and surface area reductions in frontal lobe
Somatosensory
Motor areas
Cortical thinning in temporal lobes in adults as well
Mania and bipolar disorder neural biological correlations
Reductions in brain volume, blood flow in dorsal medial and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in all bipolar
Ventral prefrontal cortex and reduce engagement and atypical connectivity with ACC and medial temporal structures
including amygdala and hippocampus l gyrus
Onset of mania and bipolar course-
Disruption of white matter connectivity among ventral prefrontal networks in limbic regions, especially amygdala
Neurochemical neuro transmitter and mood disorders
Imbalance in monoamine neurotransmitters especially
serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine
S N D
Glutamate for depression and mood stability
Antidepressant acts on Acetylcholine and GABA
Serotonin and depression
Serotonin neurons arise from the brainstem and project throughout the forebrain
Regulates sleep, aggression, eating, sexual behavior, impulse control, mood
Decrease in production of serotonin causes depression
Norepinephrine and depressive disorder
Norepinephrine is for a responding to stressful situations
People who are vulnerable to depression may have deficiency in norepinephrine in certain areas of the brain
People with many depressive episodes have few Norepinephrine neuron
Low levels of serotonin trigger a drop in norepinephrine
Dopamine and depression
Regulating drives to seek rewards, obtain pleasure
Low dopamine levels explain why people with depression don’t have pleasure
Functional deficiency of synaptic dopamine can lead to depression
Glutamate and depression
Glutamate is the major excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain
Risk factors in older adults and rates of depression
Older adults me have medical conditions such as a low testosterone vitamin B 12 deficiency Thyroid abnormalities Cardiac condition Dementia Cerebrovascular disease
Children who developed depression often continue to have episodes throughout adulthood
Rapid cycling bipolar disorder is diagnosed when a person has how many episodes of depression, media, hypomania or mixed symptoms within one year?
Four or more episodes
What parts of the brain are associated with anxiety disorders?
CPA
Cingulate gyrus
Prefrontal cortex
Anterior temporal cortex
Anxiety does not depend on specific areas to perform unique actions but it is viewed as networks of interacting brain regions
Other structures and anxiety
Amygdala is related to hyperactivity in anxiety
Hypothalamus, pituitary, adrenal gland respond to heightened sympathetic responses when stressed
Cingulate and orbital frontal cortex responsible for feelings and anxiety
Frontal cortex responsible for control of reactions and anxiety
What does the insular cortex have to do with anxiety
Insular cortex she was hyperactivity in anxiety such as PTSD, social anxiety, and phobias
Insula together with amygdala, hypothalamus,. PeriAqueductal gray, parabrachial nucleus, nucleus tractus solitarius, as part of the circuit of papez, internally regulate emotions that control the visual motor, neuroendocrine, pulmonary system, and pain sensations.
OCD and which part of the brain is heavily associated
Basil ganglia especially in the head of the caudate.
Anterior cingulate gurus
Orbital frontal
OCD is present in how much percent of Tourette’s syndrome
50%
Trichotillomania has been associated with increased what in which part of the brain
Increased gray matter density in the left stratum, left amygdala hippocampal formation
OCD tendencies are also associated with what other conditions beside Tourette’s?
Huntington’s disease
Sydenham’s chorea
Basal ganglia related disorders
Neurotransmitters and anxiety
GABA
Serotonin
Norepinephrine
Corticotropin releasing hormone
GABA and anxiety
GABA is a major inhibitory neurotransmitter
To induce relaxation and sleep
To prevent over excitation
Depletion of GABA results in ability to regulate emotions and sympathetic nervous system, therefore creating anxiety
Serotonin and anxiety
Serotonin functions include sleep, sex, eat, mood, impulse control, regulation of libido, energy.
Norepinephrine and anxiety
Excitatory neurotransmitter
Stress hormone
Fight or flight
Stress leads to:
Increase in norepinephrine in hypothalamus, amygdala, locus coerulus
Corticotropin releasing hormone and anxiety
CRH is a stress hormone and a neurotransmitter
Too much CRH leads to fight or flight response
