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Elsa AACN > Ch 4 Neuroanatomy Part II > Flashcards

Ch 4 Neuroanatomy Part II Flashcards

1
Q

Left hemisphere is dominant for language in what percentage of Right handers

A

95%

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2
Q

Left hemisphere is dominant for language in what percentage of Left handers

A

60-70%

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3
Q

Which fissure divides the temporal and frontal lobes?

A

Sylvian Fissure

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4
Q

Wernicke’s aphasia

A

disturbance in comprehension (fluent aphasia)

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5
Q

Damage to Broca’s area results in

A

non fluent aphasia, inability to plan and activate sequence of speech sounds

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6
Q

Repetition of language involves what processes between the Wernicke’s and Broca’s?

A

phonological representations generated by processing in Wernicke’s area be converted to motor-articulatory sequences and utterances in Broca’s area

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7
Q

What is the name of the pathway that connects the Wernicke’s and Broca’s?

A

arcuate fasciulus

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8
Q

What is the arcuate fasciulus?

A

the large subcortical white matter pathway that connects the Wernicke’s and Broca’s areas

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9
Q

What happens if the arcuate fasiculus is damged?

A

CONDUCTION APHASIA

- disproportionate deficit in repetition, disturbance of spontaneous speech, with relative sparing of comprehension

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10
Q

What are other parts are the Wernicke’s area connected to?

A

supramarginal and angular gyri of parietal lobe (language comprehension and mapping sounds to meaning)

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11
Q

Which part of the brain is prosody processed?

A

Right hemisphere

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12
Q

Definition of aprosodia

A

deficit in comprehending or expressing variations in tone of voice used to express both linguistic and emotional information

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13
Q

Which part of the brain is responsible for expressing emotional prosody in speech

A

inferior right frontal lobe

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14
Q

Which part of the brain is damaged if someone cannot comprehend emotional prosody

A

posterior tempoal parietal lesion

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15
Q

Name the deficit of Broca’s aphasia

A

Impaired speech planning and production

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16
Q

What are the symptoms of Broca’s aphasia?

A 
decreased speech production
sparse, halting speech
missing function words
syntactic deficits
right hemiparesis (often)
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17
Q

What is the lesion location of Broca’s aphasia?

A

third frontal convolution of the inferior frontal gyrus

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18
Q

Name the deficit of Wernicke’s aphasia

A

Impaired representation of the sound structure of the words

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19
Q

What are the symptoms of Wernicke’s aphasia?

A 
decreased auditory comprehension
fluent speech ok
paraphasias
poor repetition and naming
may have right homonymous hemianopia
20
Q

What is the lesion location of Wernicke’s aphasia?

A

posterior half of the superior temporal gyrus

21
Q

Name the deficit of anomic aphasia

A

impaired storage or access to lexicon

22
Q

What are the symptoms of anomic aphasia?

A

decreased single word production
marked for common nouns
repetition and comprehension relative intact

23
Q

What is the lesion location of anomic aphasia?

A

inferior parietal lobe or connections within perisylvian language areas

24
Q

Name the deficit of transcortical motor aphasia

A

disconnection between conceptual word/sentence representations in perisylvian region and motor speech areas

25
Q

What are the symptoms of transcortical motor aphasia?

A
  • disturbed spontaneous speech similar to Brocas

- relatively preserved repetition and comprehension

26
Q

What is the lesion location of transcortical motor aphasia?

A

deep white matter tracts connecting Broca’s area to parietal and temporal lobe

27
Q

Name the deficit of transcortical sensory aphasia

A

disturbed activation of word meanings despite normal recognition of auditorily presented words

28
Q

What are the symptoms of transcortical sensory aphasia?

A

Disturbance in word comprehension with relatively inract repetition

29
Q

What is the lesion location of transcortical sensory aphasia?

A

White matter tracts connecting parietal and temporal lobe

30
Q

Name the deficit of conduction aphasia

A

Disconnection between sound patterns and speech production mechanmisms

31
Q

What are the symptoms of conduction aphasia?

A

disturbance of repetition and spontaneous speech, phonemic paraphasia

32
Q

What is the lesion location of conduction aphasia?

A
  • arcuate fasciculus

- connections between Broca’s and Werrnicke’s area

33
Q

What is the basal ganglia?

A

masses of gray matter found deep within the white matter of each cerebral hemisphere.

34
Q

What are the components of the basal ganglia?

A

caudate nucleus
putamen
globus pallidus

35
Q

Functions of the Caudate Nucleus

A
  • controls speed and accuracy of speeded movements
  • executive functions (decision making processes related to attention)
  • reward and reinforcement
  • procedural learning
  • inhibition of actions
36
Q

Functions of Putamen

A
  • regulation of movement

- stored information of previously learned movements

37
Q

Which two components are included in the striatum?

A

Caudate nucleus

Putamen

38
Q

Where is the substantia nigra located?

A
  • midbrain

- has extensive connections to the corpus striatum

39
Q

Discuss the subcortical loop in the frontal lobe

A

information is sent from the cortex -> striatum -> globus pallidus –> thalamus –> cortex

40
Q

Name the loop that explains the frontal-subcortical interaction

A

Cortico-striatal-pallidal-thalamo-cortical loop

41
Q

What are the three interconnected systems for attention?

A

Orientation to stimuli
Alerting
Executive attention

42
Q

Orientation to stimuli

A
  • tuning of perceptual systems to incoming stimuli so that relevant sensory input can be selected for processing
  • dependent on acetylcholine
  • involves superior colliculus, pulvinar thalamic nucleus, posterior temporoparietal cortex, frontal eye fields
43
Q

Alerting

A
  • state of sensitivity to incoming stimuli

- modulated by norepinephrine and depends primarily on ascending sensory inputs from the thalamus

44
Q

Executive attention

A
  • monitoring and resolving conflicts among thoughts, feelings, behaviors
  • dependent on dopamine, anterior cingulate cortex and DLPFC
45
Q

Working memory anatomic facts

A

1) distinction between dorsal and ventral systems

2) dorsal components of frontal working memory are preferentially connected to the dorsal visual stream

46
Q

Which region is activated when doing mental manipulation (e.g. digit sequencing)

A

Dorsal region

47
Q

Which region is activated when doing sequential organization and storage (e.g. digit span forward)

A

Ventral region

Elsa AACN (35 decks)

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